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Bu çalışmada on sekizinci yüzyıl İngiliz düşünürlerinden Shaftesbury’nin ‘ahlak duygusu’ teorisi tartışılmaktadır. Ahlak duygusunun doğal bir duygu olduğunu öne süren Shaftesbury, bu duygu sayesinde iyi ve kötünün ne olduğunun bilineceğini, bu nedenle de ahlakın temelinde ahlak duygusunun yer aldığını iddia eder. Shaftesbury’ye göre ahlak duygusu, görme ve işitme gibi doğal bir yetidir. O, ahlak duygusunun çeşitli nedenlerle bozulmasını önlemenin ve yetkinliğini geliştirmenin ancak iyi bir eğitimle mümkün olabileceğini düşünür. Ayrıca o, bireylerin kendi faydasına göre davranmak isteyeceğini inkâr etmez, ancak bireyin çıkarı ile toplumun çıkarının uyum içinde olduğunu ve bu uyum sayesinde ahlaki iyiliğin ortaya çıktığını savunur. Egoist ahlaka ve kötücül insan doğası anlayışına karşı çıkan Shaftesbury, ahlakın nesnel ve özerk olduğuna inanır. Duygucu ahlakın öncüsü kabul edilen Shaftesbury’nin ahlak duygusu teorisi, sonraki duygucu etik türlerinden önemli ölçüde farklıdır. Onun, duygunun yanında akla da büyük önem verdiği ahlak teorisi, insana duygu-akıl bağlamında bütüncül olarak yaklaştığı için oldukça önemlidir.
This study discusses the theory of Shaftesbury’s “moral sense” from the 18th century British thinkers. Shaftesbury claims that the moral feeling is a natural feeling, and that it will be known through this feeling what good and evil are, and that therefore the moral feeling is founded on the basis of morality. According to Shaftesbury, morality is a natural sufficiency, such as seeing and hearing. He believes that the prevention and development of moral senses for various reasons can only be possible with good education. He also does not deny that individuals want to behave according to their own interests, but he claims that the interests of the individual and the interests of society are in harmony and that the moral goodness arises through this harmony. Shaftesbury, who is opposed to the conception of selfish morality and evil human nature, believes that morality is objective and autonomous. Shaftesbury’s theory of moral emotion, which is considered the pioneer of emotional morality, is significantly different from the subsequent types of emotional morality. His theory of morality, which, in addition to his feelings, has a great importance for the mind, is very important because he approaches the human being in an integral sense-minded context.
In this study, the moral sensetheory of Shaftesbury, who is one of the British philosophers of the eighteenth century, is discussed. Suggesting that the moral sense is a natural sense, Shaftesbury claims that one is able to know what is right or wrong thanks to this sense, and that is why the moral sense is the basis of morality. According to Shaftesbury, the moral sense is a natural faculty as faculties of sight and hearing. He thinks preventing the moral sense from degeneration due to various reasons and improving its competence is only possible with a thorough education. Also, he does not deny the fact that individuals want to act for their own interests, however, he supports the idea stating that self-interest and society’s interest are in accord with each other and moral goodness exists thanks to this accord. Opposing the egoist morality and malicious human nature mentality, Shaftesbury believes that morality is objective and autonomous. The moral sense theory of Shaftesbury, who is acknowledged as the pioneer of moral sentimentalism, is significantly different from the following theories of emotive morals. Because, besides regarding the moral sense as the basis of morality, he also thinks that reason should be involved in order for emotion to be functional. The moral theory of Shaftesbury is particularly significant since it approaches human holistically within the context of emotion-reason.
Field : İlahiyat
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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