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19. yüzyılın sonu 20. yüzyılın başında yaşanan olaylar dünyanın birçok ülkesinde modernist toplumsal dönüşüm amaçlı yeni yönetimler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu yönetimlerin vurguladıkları ortak amaçları endüstrileşme-kentleşme ekseninde bir kalkınma olmakla birlikte sahip oldukları toplumsal ve teknolojik alt yapı bunun tam tersidir. Bu nedenle de birçoğunun gündeminde ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal devamlılıklarını sağlama temeliyle sıkı sıkıya bağlı olan kırsal alan çalışmaları vardır. Bunlardan biri olan genç Türkiye’de ise kırsal alan modernleşmesi çalışmaları Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarından itibaren gündemde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Oysaki Kurtuluş Savaşı sonrasında demografik ve ekonomik nedenlerle öncelikli konulardan biri haline gelen kırın modernleşmesi, geç Osmanlı Modernleşme gündeminde eğitim, savunma, sanayi vb. birçok acil reform probleminin arasında kendine oldukça sınırlı bir yer bulabilmiştir. Böylesi koşullar altında Lozan görüşmeleri ile ortaya çıkan ve Türkiye-Yunanistan arasında Batı Trakya ve İstanbul’da yaşayanlar hariç tüm Rum ve Türklerin yer değiştirmesini kapsayan nüfus mübadelesi ise iskân sorununu ülke için en acil imar faaliyetlerinden biri haline getirmiştir. Devlet mübadillerin iskân edilmesi zorunluluğunu kırsal alan modernleşme projesini yeniden ele almak için bir fırsat olarak değerlendirilince ortaya bir iskân çalışmasından çok daha fazla anlamlar taşıyan Cumhuriyet köyü ideali çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Cumhuriyet’in kurulduğu ilk yıllarda mimarların Türk köyüne ve köylüsüne -dönemin yoğun kullanılan tanımıyla ‘halk’a- bakış açısını, belli tercihler ve amaçlar doğrultusunda tasarlanmış yapılı çevrelerin oluşumunu ve mimarinin yeni bir halk yaratma çabalarındaki tavrını ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, bir yandan iskân baskısı diğer yandan modernleşme kaygıları altında gerçekleştirilen Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında köycülük çalışmalarının mekânsal kurgusu ele alınmaktadır. Böylelikle, genellikle kentleşme ve sanayileşmeye yönelik imar faaliyetleri ile bilinen Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında modernite projesinin, köy-kent ikileminin de tartışmaya açılması umulmaktadır.
The events of the late 19th century in the early 20th century have revealed new governments for modernist social transformation in many countries of the world. The common objectives that these governments emphasize are a development in the industrialization-citying axis, but the social and technological substrate they have is exactly the opposite. Therefore, many of them have rural work on their agenda, which is closely linked to the basis of ensuring their economic, social and political continuity. One of them is the youth in Turkey, and the modernization of rural areas has held an important place in the agenda since the first years of the Republic. The modernization of the countryside, which has become one of the priorities of demographic and economic reasons after the Oysaki Liberation War, education, defense, industry, etc. in the late Ottoman Modernization agenda. It has found a very limited place among the many urgent reform problems. In such circumstances, the population exchange that arose with Lozan talks and covered the change of places of all the Romans and Turks except those living in Western Trakya and Istanbul between Turkey and Greece has made the problem of the island one of the most urgent construction activities for the country. When the obligation to examine state exchanges was considered as an opportunity to re-elaborate the rural area modernization project, the Republic Village ideal, which has much more meaning than an exchanges work emerged, came out. The objective of this study is to show the architects’ view of the Turkish village and the peasant in the first years of the Republic’s establishment – with the intensely used definition of the period – to the people, the formation of built environments designed in accordance with certain preferences and purposes and the attitude of the architecture in the efforts to create a new people. In this context, on the one hand, the spatial phenomenon of the rural work in the first years of the Republic, which was carried out under modernization concerns, on the other hand, is discussed. Thus, it is hoped that in the early years of the Republic, which is often known for its urbanization and industrialization construction activities, the modernity project, the village-city duality, will be open to debate.
The late 19th, early 20th century agendas revealed new governments aiming modernist social transformations in many countries. Although they have common development endeavor in line with industrialization-urbanization trajectory, most of them has rural modernization projects which provide socio-political basis for their perpetuation on their agenda. In young Turkey which is one of them, rural modernization studies had been on the front burner since the very fi rst years of the Republic. Nevertheless after the War of Independence, the modernization of the country, which became one of the priority issues in terms of demographic and economic reasons, had found to have a limited place in the late Ottoman modernization agenda among many urgent reform problems such as education, defense, industry etc. Under these circumstances, the population exchange (1923-1924) emerged by the Lausanne negotiations and covering the exchange of Greek and Turkish people except those living in Western Thrace and Istanbul had made inhabitation of refugees one of the most urgent reconstruction problem of the country. When the state turned the crisis into an opportunity for rethinking rural modernization project, the Republican Village paradigm, which was much more than a model for refugee settlements, had arisen. The aim of this study is to reveal the attitude of the profession (architecture) to Turkish village and to the villagers which was seventy fi ve percent of Turkey’s total population in the early years of the Republic, the formation of the built environments designed in accordance with certain preferences and goals, and the attitude of the architect in creation of the new nation under the context of the rural development. In this study, the spatial organization of early Republican peasantism realized under modernity anxieties and the pressure of urgent refugee settlements is examined. Hence, it is also expected to open a debate on urban-rural dilemma of republican modernity project, which is generally known as the urbanization and industrialization reconstruction activities.
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