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Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 1896 yılında Hindistan’ın Bombay şehrinde başlayan, buradan çıkan gemiler ve Hindistanlı hacılar vasıtasıyla Hicaz’a taşınan, Hicaz’da Osmanlı yönetimi boyunca devam eden veba hastalığının etkileri ve hastalığa karşı alınan önlemlerin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Veba salgınlarının ortaya çıkışı ile ilgili literatür taranmış ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı’ndaki Osmanlı Arşivi vesikaları ışığında Bombay odaklı veba salgınının Hicaz Vilayeti’ne taşınması ve yetkililerin aldığı önlemler araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: 1896 yılında Hindistan’da “Bombay vebası” olarak isimlendirilen yeni bir veba salgını dalgası başlamıştı. Osmanlı yetkililerinin, Bombay’da ve Hindistan genelinde yeniden ortaya çıkan bu salgın haberini alır almaz, salgının Osmanlı topraklarına ulaşmasını engellemek için gerekli tedbirleri aldıkları görülmüştür. Vebanın Osmanlı topraklarına iki yoldan gelme ihtimali vardı. İlki Kızıldeniz yolu ikincisi de Basra Körfezi yoluydu. Bu sebeple hastalığın sirayetini engellemek için bu iki güzergâh üzerinde karantina istasyonları kurulmuş ve haccın yasaklanması gibi önlemler düşünülmüştür. İngiltere ve Fransa gibi sömürgesi olan devletlerin haccı yasaklamalarına karşın Osmanlı yönetiminin böyle bir yasağın mümkün olamayacağı fikrinde olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Dünya tarihinde diğer salgın hastalıklardan daha sık görülen ve daha öldürücü olan veba, Avrupa’da 1700’lerin başında, Osmanlı’da ise 1850’lerden itibaren etkisini azaltmıştı. Ancak 1896 yılında Bombay’da yeniden ortaya çıkan salgın, II. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar devam etmişti. Veba bu tarihlerde çok etkin olmasa da korkulan bir hastalık olmayı sürdürmüştü. Bu sebeple hem Hicaz’ı salgınlardan korumak hem de Avrupalı devletlerin Hicaz’da etkinliklerini engellemek amacıyla Osmanlı hükümetinin karantina ve temizlik uygulamaları gibi gerekli tedbirleri almaya çalıştığı görülmüştür.
Purpose: In this study, the aim was to identify the effects of the epidemic disease that continued throughout the Ottoman rule in Hicaz, which began in 1896 in the Indian city of Bombay, and the measures taken against the disease, which were transferred to Hicaz through ships and Indian sailors. Method: The literature on the appearance of Ebola epidemics has been scaned and the Ottoman Archive in the presidential archives of the Republic of Turkey has been investigated the transfer of the Bombay-oriented Ebola epidemic to the province of Hicaz and the measures taken by the authorities. In 1896 a new wave of Ebola epidemic, called the “Bombay Ebola”, began in India. The Ottoman officials, unless they get the news of this re-receiving epidemic in Bombay and throughout India, have found that they have taken the necessary measures to prevent the epidemic from reaching Ottoman territories. There was a possibility of coming to the Ottoman territory by two ways. The first Red Sea Road and the second Basra Gulf Road. Therefore, for the prevention of the disease, quarantine stations were established on these two routes and measures such as the prohibition of the hacker were considered. Despite the hacker prohibitions of states with colonies such as Britain and France, it has been seen that the Ottoman government believes that such a ban is not possible. The result: the epidemic, which is more common and more lethal in the world history than other epidemic diseases, had reduced its effects in Europe in the early 1700s and in the Ottoman since the 1850. But in 1896 the epidemic reappeared in Bombay, II. The World War continued until the end. Although the virus was not very effective in these dates, it has continued to be a fearful disease. Therefore, it has been shown that the Ottoman government has been trying to take the necessary measures, such as quarantine and cleaning practices, in order to protect Hicaz from epidemics and to prevent the activities of the European states in Hicaz.
Objective: The goal of this research is to uncover the consequences of the plague sickness and the measures taken to combat it, which began in Bombay, India in 1896, was transferred to the Hedjaz by ships and Indian pilgrims from there, and lasted throughout Ottoman administration in the Hedjaz. Methods: The literature on plague outbreaks was scanned, and the transmission of the Bombay-based plague epidemic to the Hedjaz Province, as well as the authorities' responses, were researched in light of the Directorate Ottoman Archive materials. Results: In 1896, India experienced a new wave of disease known as the "Bombay plague." The Ottoman authorities, it was noticed, took the appropriate precautions to prevent the epidemic from spreading to Ottoman lands as soon as they learned of the epidemic's reappearance in Mumbai and throughout India. The epidemic could have entered Ottoman territory in one of two ways. The Red Sea road was the first, while the Persian Gulf road was the second. As a result, quarantine stations were set up along these two routes to prevent the disease from spreading, and measures like prohibiting pilgrimage were contemplated. Although colonial nations such as England and France prohibited pilgrimage, the Ottoman administration believed that such a prohibition would be impossible to enforce. Conclusion: Plague, which is more widespread and deadly than other epidemic diseases throughout history, began to fade in Europe in the early 1700s and in the Ottoman Empire in the 1850s. However, the pandemic that returned in Bombay in 1896 lasted until the end of the Second World War. Despite the fact that the plague was not highly prevalent during these days, it was nevertheless a feared disease. As a result, the Ottoman administration attempted to adopt required steps, such as quarantine and cleaning standards, to safeguard the Hejaz from diseases and to prevent European governments from conducting business in the Hejaz.
Alan : Sağlık Bilimleri
Dergi Türü : Ulusal
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