Özet:

Diabetes Mellitus is a condition in which the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is disrupted owing to reduced insulin production, increased Glucagon secretion, and the development of insulin resistance in body cells. Type II DM differs from type I DM in that beta cells are not destroyed. The prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan varies based on age, gender, and geography. Genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors contribute to the development of type II diabetes. Insulin resistance by the cells and a decreased or inadequate quantity of insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas result in Type II diabetes, which is characterized by high amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids in plasma. In diabetic individuals, the imbalance between insulin and glucagon production results in an increased amount of glucagon in the blood and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance develops in response to physical inactivity, steroid use, and a high-calorie diet, and glucagon and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels also rise. Major consequences of diabetes include diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and vasculopathy, end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. In this review we discuss the medication therapy as well as insulin role in the management. And also focus on the role of pharmacist in the management of DM-11 since tailored patient education is more effective than group sessions in maintaining poorly managed diabetes. Among the nonpharmacologic parts of diabetes treatment is teaching patients about the advantages of a healthy diet, physical activity, and medicine for decreasing hyperglycemia. In treating type 2 diabetes, bariatric surgery is more effective than medication. Depending on the patient's state, anti-diabetic drugs may either lower insulin resistance or boost insulin secretion.

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