Abstract:

This study analyzed the relationship between logistics, per capita economic growth, and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis from 1995 to 2016 in Turkey. The study uses a Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) long-term estimators, and Toda-Yamamoto (TY) and Fourier TY causality methods. According to Fourier ADL cointegration method, there is a long-run relationship between the series. The results of long run estimators demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is valid for Turkey. However, the turning points obtained from long-run estimators lie outside the sample period. Therefore, Turkey has not yet reached the level of economic growth necessary to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, an increase in logistic has a positive effect on per capita CO2 emissions in the long term. The empirical results reveal that an improvement in the transportation infrastructure conditions causes CO2 emissions. Finally, according to the Fourier TY method, there is a two-way causality relationship between economic growth-CO2 emissions, and logistic- CO2 emissions. To realize green logistic activities and reduce CO2 emissions, appropriate structural reforms are required in Turkey.

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