Özet:

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a malignant neoplasm of a pure squamous phenotype originating from the bladder urothelium. SCC of the bladder is a relatively rare tumor with no specific diagnostic test. The diagnosis is usually made at an advanced stage; therefore, the prognosis is poor and most cases result in mortality. Inflammation and infection leading to the metaplasia of epithelial cells are implicated in its etiology. SCC of the bladder is divided into two groups depending on whether it is due to bilharzial infections, and these two groups have different epidemiological, pathogenetic and clinicopathological features. SCC of the bladder accounts for the vast majority (approximately 75%) of bladder cancers in areas where Schistosoma haematobium infection is endemic. The European Association of Urology guidelines classify bladder cancer with any variant histology as high-risk bladder cancer. Because of the rarity and heterogeneity of non-urothelial tumors, treatments described are mostly based on retrospective series and small studies. Radical cystectomy is recommended as the first treatment in patients presenting with non-metastatic bladder SCC. Neoadjuvant radiation therapy (RT) is considered to play a role in schistosomal bladder cancer. However, there are not enough high-quality studies to indicate the role of RT or chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy. Due to the rarity of the disease, there are also no high-evidence guidelines for managing SCC. There is a need for further high-volume and prospective studies to review literature data and developments.

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