Abstract:

: Heavy metals are of great concern worldwide in terms of environmental pollution due to their effects, such as persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation, and toxicity for organisms. These pollutants in a non-biodegradable inorganic form are released into water, soil, and air from different industrial sectors Lead ions are also a toxic heavy metal in terms of human health and this pollutant is permanent in the ecosystem. Among the many treatment methods, adsorption is an inexpensive, eco-friendly, and efficient process for removing Pb ions from water contaminated with lead ions. The most important detail that draws attention both in our research of the literature and in our own studies is that very high removal efficiencies of lead ions can be obtained with many different inorganic and organic adsorbents. Such high removal efficiencies cannot be obtained for other heavy metals and metalloids. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the difference in the adsorption process of lead. The physicochemical and biological properties of lead ions and the effects of specific properties, such as amphoteric structure, free electron, post-transition metal, and the low melting temperature, were investigated accordingly.

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