Özet:

History of medicine is a very ancient science. During history, diseases have been shown to exist and treatments for these diseases have been sought. These methods of treatment have shown differences in all civilizations living. In the early civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Hith, the perspective of disease treatment has not passed beyond prayer and prayer to the gods. Over time, more realistic and scientific approaches to treatment have been observed along with the increased sensitivity and observation of people to the environment. As the medical perspective develops, the need for a hospital and medical school is born. The first examples of hospitals for the treatment of patients were made in the Indian civilization, which went into the search for treatment by following a more reasonable path than other civilizations. It is known as the scientific era of medicine. In ancient Greece, in the present Datça Peninsula, Knidos was opened, the first medical school in history. by M. In the 5th century, Hippocrates founded the Kos Medical School, which educated with a scientific approach, separating philosophy from medicine. In the Middle Ages, a period of science in medicine in Europe was far from science; in the Anatolian civilizations, a period of science in medicine was experienced. Those were temporarily built in the hospital. The great feature of these fractures is that the hospital service, as well as medical training, educates doctors. The primary of these fractures is the Gevher Nesibe Medical Medresesi and Darüşşifası, which was opened to service in 1206 during the Anadolu Selçuklu period. This is the first in the world because both the medical school and the hospital are housing within the same building. Gevher Nesibe Medical Medresesi and Darüşşifası are now restored in Kayseri in the last form by the Metropolitan Municipality as a museum to the service of the public.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Özet:

Since the existence of humanity, various treatment methods have been sought to fight with diseases. The people who lived in the ancient time tried to cure themselves by observing the diseases and herbal ways. For centuries, the healing of plants has been replaced by prayer and magic to the gods, and as a result, medical science has been carried out by the clergy for many years. All the civilizations who lived have determined their own method of treatment. Anatolian lands had the priority on pioneering on modern civilization. Undoubtedly, one of the most important branches that science pioneered is medicine. The history of medicine in Anatolia can be categorized as Mesopotamia and Egypt, Hittite, Chinese, Indian, Greek Civilizations, Roman Empire and Turkish-Islamic Civilizations. According to the religious belief in Mesopotamia, the diseases were caused by demons, evil spirits and the like. The priests were also involved in the healing of the diseases. The priests believed that prayer was the most important cure for disease treatment, and they approached the patients in this direction. Although the medical science in Egyptian Civilization in 4000 BC was seen as a treatment concept carried out by the priests, it is seen that the medicine was a little more developed than Mesopotamia. It is remarkable that most of the information about medicine written in the papyrus from the Egyptian Civilization is still valid today. In the 2000 BC, the Hittite civilization established a new culture in Anatolia and tried to treat the diseases with magic and various herbal medicine. In short, when we look at Mesopotamia, Egypt and Hittite civilizations, it is seen that the priests played an important role in medicine and performed the treatments with magic and prayer. A new perspective in medicine has developed in Chinese civilization. Diseases are defined by a philosophical approach with Yin-Yang theory. A person's illness is proportional to the deterioration in body balance. Before treatment, the patient’s whole body is observed and the treatment method is determined accordingly. Acupuncture is the most remarkable treatment method in Chinese civilization. In Indian Civilization, the approaches adopted in Chinese medicine are also seen. In Indian civilization, a good observation was very prominent for the diagnosis of the disease. Surgical procedures had developed in Indian medicine. It is considerable in Indian civilization, special institutions have been built for the patients’ treatment. The most important period in Greek Civilization, where medicine is divided into three branches is the scientific period. In this period, medicine was separated from magic and religious symbols and the first steps of medicine were taken in scientific sense. The pioneer physicians such as Hippocrates were raised in this period. Knidos, the first medical school in history, was opened in ancient Greece in 700 BC before the scientific period of medicine. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates established the school of medicine in ancient Greece on the island of Kos, separating philosophy from medicine and providing a scientific approach. In Roman Empire, there was no development or progress in the field of medicine, and it was observed that only the current medical knowledge could be transferred to the next generations. In general, the influence of advanced medicine in Islamic civilizations is seen in the Middle Ages. The works of Muslim scientists were translated into Latin and spread throughout Europe of the Middle Ages. The advancement of medicine, which laid the foundations of full-fledged hospitals and set a model for other civilizations, was experienced in Turkish-Islamic civilizations. The medicine, which was developed in the Turkish-Islamic Civilizations with the guidance of the Holy Quran, gained a scientific meaning. In Islamic Civilizations, the buildings were built where medical education was given and the patients’ treated. The buildings named as hospitals now were known as darussifa, darussıhha and sifaiye in Islamic Civilizations. The young people who wanted to be educated in medical science were educated here. It is very difficult to distinguish the medical science in the Seljuk State, which settled in Anatolia and expanded to the borders of Byzantium, from Islamic Civilizations. Seljuk State, which were given great importance to all kinds of science has also developed in the field of medicine. The books, which were authored by well-educated scientists, were translated and had tried to be applied in Europe. Darussifas built in Islamic Civilizations were also built in Anatolian Seljuks. The patients were treated free of charge in these darussifas. The Darussifas were opened all over the country and provided important services. The most prominent of these darussifa is Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasah and Darussifa, which is the first health institution built by Anatolian Seljuks. This darussifa is takes an important place in history because of being the first medical school in the world that also provides hospital services. Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasah and Darussifa was built by Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev I, one of the Seljuk sultans, in memory of his sister in 1206. This building, which has undergone many restorations from past to present, now serves as the Gevher Nesibe Medical History Museum in Kayseri. In this review, we tried to give detailed information about Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasah and Darussifa.