Abstract:

Aim: Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a complex disease threatening global public health and leading to a pandemic, the contributions of the pro-oxidant/oxidant imbalance involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have not been adequately studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of smoking on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: Participants were divided into 4 groups in the study: (Control group) 45 healthy individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19 and not smoking, (Group 2) 45 individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19 and smoking, (Group 3) 45 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and not smoking, (Group 4) 45 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and smoking 45 patients. D-dimer, nitric oxide (NO), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant levels (TAS) and total oxidant levels (TOS) in the serum of the participants were analyzed using commercial kits according to the ELISA method. Results: There is a significant increase in D-dimer levels in people diagnosed with COVID-19 (p<0.001). TAS, CAT, SOD and GR levels in Group II, Group III and Group IV showed a statistical decrease when compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, there was a significant increase in TOS and MDA levels, especially in Group IV (p<0.001). In addition, NO levels in Group II, Group III and Group IV were significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our data show that smoking increases oxidative and nitrosative damage in COVID-19.

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