Özet:

Almost all African countries face at least one of the ethnic, racial and religious conflicts. But very few African countries are experiencing ethnic, racial, religious and separatist problems. Sudan's historical experiences are also different from other African countries. The majority of African countries have been colonized by only one European country, but Sudan has remained under the influence of Arab and Islamic civilizations throughout the history and has then been under the British-Othman/Egyptian condominium. Therefore, the problems that Sudan faces in the post-colonial period are much more complex and multi-dimensional than other African countries. In the post-colonial period, Sudan was the only African country with ethnic, racial and religious issues, as well as international terrorism. There are also problems in the welcoming country, such as Arab-African discrimination, intercommunal competition, family and tribe disputes, the presence of non-state armed groups, the frequent occurrence of military coupes, the lack of democracy, the lack of constitutional and constitutional institutions, and the weak economic development.  The aim of this study is to investigate the developments that have occurred until today after the independence of Sudan and the causes of the problems it encounters in this process. The main hypothesis of the study is that political, social and economic problems in Sudan, cross-border conflicts and discrimination issues are the source of chronic political instability and government policies in the country. The study first examines the historical experiences of the pre-independence period of Sudan. Secondly, the political, social and economic problems and separatist movements that arise in the post-colonial period in Sudan are the question of South Sudan and Darfur and the relationship of Sudan with international terrorism. Because the governments are responsible for the implementation of the country’s policies through the constitutional institutions by effectively determining, the problems in the country are examined by chronologically classified by the governments. The paper of Sudan’s historical experiences in shaping the country’s social structure and political culture and the post-colonial state and nation building processes, the policies of civil and military governments further deepen the issue of ethnic origin and religious differences in the heterogeneous society in the country.

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