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20. yüzyılda Fransa’da kadınlar, sosyal, siyasi ve kültürel alanlardaki var olan erkek egemenliğine karşı çıkarlar. Edebiyat dünyasında da erkek egemenliğini gören kadın yazarlar, ancak kendilerine özgü bir “kadın edebiyatı” yaratarak kendilerini ifade edebileceklerini anlarlar. 21. yüzyılın önemli post-modern kuramcılarından Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray ve Julia Kristeva, edebiyatın cinsiyetçi rolünü vurgulayarak kadınların ancak yazarak özgürlüklerine kavuşabileceklerini savunurlar. Fransız kuramcılar, kadınların kendi söylemlerini ve edebiyatlarını yaratabilmeleri için esasında bedenlerini yazmaları gerektiğinin de altını çizerler. Böylelikle kadın yazarlar, eserlerin büyük bir çoğunluğunda annelik, kadın bedeni, yalnızlık, aşk, korku, ümit gibi kadınların iç dünyasını anlatan temaları ele alarak edebiyatta kadının sesini duyurmayı amaçlarlar. Günümüz çağdaş Fransız edebiyatı yazarlarından biri olarak kabul gören Marie Ndiaye de eserlerinin çoğunda kadın figürünü ele alış biçimiyle 21. yüzyılın önemli kadın yazarları arasında kendisine yer edinebilmeyi başarır. İncelemiş olduğumuz Üç Güçlü Kadın (Trois Femmes Puissantes) başlıklı romanında Ndiaye, her zamanki gibi kadının durumunu ele alır. Söz konusu eserinde yazar acımasız ve dayanılmaz gerçeklik ile fantastiğin harmanlandığı kendine özgü bir tarz geliştirir. Ndiaye, sürgün edilen göçmen kitlelerinde ezilen ve adları bilinmeyen kadınların seslerini duyurmaya çalışır. Üç bölümden oluşan bu eserinde, bir yandan Norah’nın baba figürü arayışına yer verirken diğer yandan da Fanta’nın kocasıyla olan sorunlu ilişkisini ve yalnızlığını konu eder. Son olarak da göçmenlerin dokunaklı hikâyesinde, bir kadın ve insan olarak onurunu kurtarmaya kararlı olan bir kadının mücadelesini yansıtır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Marie Ndiaye’nin Üç Güçlü Kadın (Trois Femmes Puissantes) adlı bu romanında dişil yazının önemli temsilcilerinden olan Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray ve Julia Kristeva’nın “kadınların kendi içinde bulundukları durumları ancak yazarak ifade etmelidirler” düşüncesini irdelemektir. Bununla birlikte yazarın, yaşamın çetrefilli yollarında mücadele etmek zorunda kalan üç kadın kahramanının yaşadığı zorluklara da değinerek kadın figürünün önemi üzerinde durmaktır.
In the twentieth century, women in France opposed the male sovereignty that existed in social, political and cultural spheres. In the world of literature, women writers who see male domination, only realize that they can express themselves by creating a "female literature" that is their own. Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, and Julia Kristeva, major post-modern theorists of the 21st century, emphasize the sexual role of literature and defend that women can only get their freedoms by writing. French theorists also draw the gold that women must write their bodies in essence to create their own speeches and literature. Thus, women writers, in the vast majority of the works, aim to announce the voice of the woman in literature by addressing the topics that tell the inner world of women, such as motherhood, female body, loneliness, love, fear, hope. Marie Ndiaye, recognized as one of the authors of contemporary French literature today, is also able to rank herself among the most important female writers of the 21st century in many of her works, in the way of addressing the female figure. In his novel Three Powerful Women (Trois Femmes Puissantes), Ndiaye discusses the situation of the woman as usual. In this work, the writer develops a unique style in which cruel and unbearable reality and fantasy are combined. Ndiaye tries to announce the voices of women who are suppressed and their names are unknown in the deported immigrant masses. This three-part work, on the one hand, focuses on Norah’s quest for the father figure, and on the other hand, on Fanta’s problematic relationship and loneliness with her husband. Finally, in the touchful story of migrants, it reflects the struggle of a woman who is determined to save her dignity as a woman and a man. The aim of this study is to reflect the idea of Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva, among the important representatives of female writing in Marie Ndiaye’s novel Three Powerful Women (Trois Femmes Puissantes), that “women should express the situation in themselves only by writing.” However, the writer is to stand on the importance of the female figure, referring to the difficulties experienced by the three female heroes who have to fight on the square path of life.
In the 20th Century, women in France are opposed to male power which exists in social, political and cultural fields. Female authors who observe male power in the literary world also comprehend that they can only express themselves via creating their own women’s literature writing. Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva who are the most outstanding theorists of post-modernism in the 21st century put an emphasis on the sexist role of literature, supporting that women can get their freedom only by writing. French theorists also underline that women have to write about their bodies in order to obtain their own discourses and literature. Thus, female writers aim to get the women voice heard in literature by addressing female themes such as motherhood, female body, loneliness, love, fear and hope in most of their works. Approved as the contemporary writers of French literature, Marie Ndiaye accomplishes to have her position among the significant female writers of the 21st century with the way in which she deals with woman figure in most of her works. Ndiaye, in her novel named Three Strong Women (Trois Femmes Puissantes) tackles with the status of women as usual. In her aforementioned work, the author develops a unique style mixing the unbearable and the cruel reality with fantastic. Ndiaye tries to make the voices of unknown and humiliated women in exiled immigrants masses heard. In her novel consisting of three chapters, on one hand she includes Norah’s looking for a father figure and on the other hand she discusses Fanta’s loneliness and problematic relationships with her husband. Once for all, she reflects the fight of a decisive woman to keep her dignity as a woman and a human in this touching story of immigrants’. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the view of “the women must express their own status only by writing” – the words of Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva who are the prominent representatives of feminine literature in this novel. Besides, this novel dwells on the significance of the female figure by focusing the difficulties experienced by the three female protagonists who have to struggle in the challenging paths of life.
Alan : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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