Abstract:

After the Nakba, the Palestinian catastrophe in 1948, and the establishment of Israel on 78 percent of Mandatory Palestine, 160,000 Palestinians remained in their homeland which Western powers created as the State of Israel. There remained a clear presence of those with whom the founders of Israel had fought, and who had been captured in their consciousness as “the enemy.” The “1948 Palestinians” or “Arab Israelis” who remained were mostly peasants and were described by the Israeli sociologist Baruch Kimberling 2003 as “a body with no head”, pointing to the loose organization and structure of the political leadership and the Palestinian elite as a result of the 1948 war. The first years of living under the Israeli sovereignty and the trauma of the great defeat in 1948, crystalized the primary battle of "surviving" and steadfastness known in Arabic as the battle of Bqaa and Sumud among the Palestinians in Israel.

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