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Fosil yakıt kaynaklarının yakında tükenecek olması ve bu yakıtlarla çalışan içten yanmalı motorlu araçların çevreye verdikleri zararlar nedeniyle Elektrikli Araç (EA)’ların önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. EA’nın hareketinin sağlanabilmesi için kullanılan elektrik motorunun ihtiyaç duyduğu elektrik enerjisi genel olarak bataryalar tarafından sağlanmaktadır. EA’ların verimli ve güvenilir bir şekilde çalıştırılması bataryaların kullanımıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Bu durum, enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılan bataryaların durumlarını takip ve kontrol eden bir BYS’nin kullanılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, elektrikli araçlarda kullanmak amacıyla 20 hücreli batarya paketi için pasif hücre dengeleme metodu temel alınarak Batarya Yönetim Sistemi (BYS) tasarlanmış ve üç hücreli BYS uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Li-ion bataryalar kullanılarak tasarımda 20 adet seri batarya hücresinin dengelenmesini pasif şekilde yapabilecek aşırı gerilim, düşük gerilim ve sıcaklık koruması olan ve ayrıca bataryaların SoC’larını belirleyebilen, merkezi BYS yapısında bir kartın tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiş ve donanımsal devrenin gerçek çalışma durumu test edilmiştir. SoC hesaplamasında “terminal gerilimi” yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Bu yöntem, batarya boşalırken iç empedanslar nedeniyle bataryada meydana gelen terminal gerilim düşümüne dayanmaktadır. BYS kartının tasarımında merkezi BYS sistemi tercih edilmiş ve SMD devre elemanları kullanılarak kartın sade olması sağlanmış, boyutu küçültülmüş ve maliyeti düşürülmüştür. Prototip olarak yapılan BYS kartında batarya hücreleri için aşırı gerilim, düşük gerilim ve sıcaklık korumaları mevcuttur. Ayrıca batarya hücrelerinde azami verim alınabilmesi amacıyla hücrelerin dolumu esnasında pasif dengeleme sistemi uygulanmaktadır. BYS ile batarya hücrelerinin her birinin SoC’ları hesaplanmış ve SoH kestirimleri yapılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilmiş olan BYS’nin belirtilen özellikleri test edilmiş ve sisteminin başarılı bir şekilde çalıştığı elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar aracılığı ile ispatlanmıştır. Ayrıca, BYS tasarımında pasif dengeleme sistemi kullanılarak tasarım hızı, boyutu ile maliyet ve kurulum kolaylığı açısından iyileştirmeler sağlanmıştır.
The importance of Electric Vehicles (EAs) is increasing day by day due to the extinction of fossil fuels and the damage to the environment by internal combustion motor vehicles operating with these fuels. The electricity required by the electric motor used to ensure the movement of the EA is generally supplied by batteries. The efficient and reliable operation of EAs is directly related to the use of batteries. This condition requires the use of a BYS that tracks and controls the state of the batteries used as a source of energy. In this study, the battery management system (BYS) was designed on the basis of the passive cell balance method for the 20-cell battery package for use in electric vehicles and the three-cell BYS application was implemented. Li-ion batteries will be able to passively balance 20 series battery cells in the design; a card design in the central BYS structure, which has an overvoltage, low voltage and temperature protection and can also determine the SoCs of the batteries, has been carried out and the actual working state of the hardware circuit has been tested. In SoC calculation, the "terminal voltage" method was applied. This method is based on the terminal voltage decrease occurring in the battery due to internal empedans while the battery is empty. In the design of the BYS card, the central BYS system was preferred and the card was secured to be simple using the SMD circuit elements, the size was reduced and the cost was reduced. The BYS card, made as a prototype, has excess voltage, low voltage and temperature protection for battery cells. Also, passive balance system is applied during cell filling in order to obtain maximum efficiency in battery cells. By BYS, the SoCs of each of the battery cells were calculated and SoH cuts were made. The specified features of the BYS are tested and proven through the experimental results obtained that the system works successfully. In addition, the BYS design has provided improvements in terms of design speed, size and cost and installation ease using the passive balance system.
The importance of Electric Vehicle (EV) is increasing day by day due to the destruction of fossil fuels reserves and the damage caused by internal combustion engine vehicles working with fossil fuels to the environment. The necessary electrical energy of the electric motor used to ensure the movement of the EV is generally provided by the batteries. Efficient and reliable use of EV's is directly related to the use of batteries. For this reason, it requires the use of a BMS that monitors and controls the status of the batteries used as energy sources. In this study, the Battery Management System (BMS) was designed based on the passive cell balancing method for the 20 cell battery pack to be used in electric vehicles, and a three cell BMS application was implemented. Using Li-ion batteries, a PCB in the central BMS structure, which can passively balance the 20 serial battery cells in the design, and which can also determine the SoC of the batteries, has been designed and the actual working condition of the hardware circuit has been tested. In the SoC calculation, the "terminal voltage" method was applied. This method is based on terminal voltage level decrease occurring in the battery due to internal impedances when the battery is discharged. In the design of the BMS pcb, the central BMS system was preferred and the pcb was made simple by using SMD components, the size was reduced and the cost was reduced. In the BMS pcb made as prototype, there are overvoltage, undervoltage and temperature protections for battery cells. Also, in order to maximum efficiency in battery cells, passive balancing system is applied during the charging of the cells. SoC of each of the battery cells were calculated with BMS and SoH estimates were made. The specified properties of the realized BMS have been tested and proved by the experimental results obtained that the BMS has been operating successfully. In addition, improvements in design speed, size, cost and ease of installation have been achieved by using the passive balancing system in BMS design.
Field : Fen Bilimleri ve Matematik; Mühendislik
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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