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Mevlânâ Metafiziğinde Akıl
2022
Journal:  
Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

Bu makale, Mevlânâ’nın akıl hakkındaki görüşleriyle ilgili yanlış olduğunu düşündüğümüz yaygın bir anlayışa işaret etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu yanlış anlayışa göre Mevlânâ, aklı metafizik konularda yetersiz görmektedir. Bu yanlış anlayışın dört sebepten kaynaklandığı söylenebilir: Birincisi onun aklı öven ve zahiren yeren anlatımlarının neden olduğu kafa karışıklığıdır. Oysaki dikkatli ve özenli bir okumayla Mevlânâ’nın aklı gerçek anlamda yermediği sonucuna ulaşmak mümkündür. Çünkü Mevlânâ’nın aklı yermesi durumunda öncelikle kendisiyle çelişeceğini söylemek gerekir. Zira onun ortaya koyduğu düşünceler de bir bakıma aklın ürünüdür. Daha önemli olan ikinci sebep, yorumcuların aklın dereceli/teşkîki yapısını yeteri kadar anlayamamasına dayanır. Buna göre her bir akıl seviyesinin üstünde başka bir seviye yer almakta olup aşağı seviyede yer alan akılların üst akıllara bağlanıp onlardan feyizlenmesi gerekir. Bu sebeple insanlar uzman olmadıkları alanlarda o alanlardaki uzmanlara uymak durumundadır. Örneğin hastalar tedavi için doktora giderler. Mevlânâ’nın bu ve benzeri anlatılarından hareketle yorumcular sanki onun aklı mutlak anlamda yetersiz bir şey olarak gördüğü sonucunu çıkartmışlardır. Oysaki Mevlânâ’nın zahiren aklı yerdiği durumlarda aşağı varlık seviyesinde yer alan akılların üst akıllara tâbi olmaması durumunu yerdiği söylenmelidir. Üçüncü sebep yorumcuların akıl ile aşkın birbirlerine aykırı ve çelişik olduğu çıkarımına dayanır. Hâlbuki Mevlânâ, aklın en güçlü ve üstün halini aşk olarak tanıtmaktadır ki bu da cüz’î aklın (benliğin) kendini Tanrı’ya feda etmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Zira insanın benlik bilinci diye ifade edebilecek olan cüz’î aklı, ikilik ve ayrılıkta kaldığı müddetçe insanın tam olarak bilgi, huzur, rahat ve kemale ermesi mümkün olamamaktadır. Şu hâlde bunun gerçekleşmesi için aklın sahte çokluğun, geçici ayrılığın ve gerçek yetkinliğin ne olduğunun bilincine ermesi gerekir. İşte bu bilinç hali -en azından epistemolojik olarak- aşkın ta kendisi, aklın zirvesi ve varlıkta birliğin gerçekleşme halidir. Dördüncü sebep insanın bileşik bir mevcut olması itibariyle aklın değil insanın yanıldığının görülememesidir. Şöyle ki insan, bileşik bir mevcut olarak akıl, nefis, zekâ, beden, vehim, şehvet ve korku gibi nice güçten oluşmaktadır. Genellikle insanın bunlarla ulaştığı zevk ve menfaatleri akla tercih ettiği görülmektedir. Bu sebeple Mevlânâ aklın kendisini değil insanı kınamaktadır yoksa ontolojik ve epistemolojik açıdan akıldan daha üstün bir mevcut olmadığı gibi onun yanılması da mümkün değildir. Mevlânâ, akıl yürütme çeşitleri içesinde en çok benzetme yöntemini kullanır. Onun akla dair temel ayrımının küllî ve cüz’î akıl ayrımı olduğu söylenmelidir. O, küllî aklı mutlak olarak akıl anlamında kullanır. Cüz’î aklı ise küllî aklın bir yansıması, izâfî bir görünümü, bir tür tecelli ve zuhûru olarak kabul eder. O, üst seviyedeki akıllara tâbi olmayana akıl demez. Bu durumda insana gurur, kibir, cehalet ve bencillik hâkim olur. Mevlânâ vehmin aklın zıddı olduğunu dile getirir. Bir de akla benzeyen sahte bir akıldan bahseder ki bu, hile ve aldatmaca yapan safsatacı nefistir. Mevlânâ akıl ile meleği birbiriyle eşleştirir. Hz. Muhammed başta olmak üzere peygamberleri, zamanın imamını/Mehdi’yi küllî akıl olarak tanıtır. Ayrıca mucize ve keramet nefsin yetkinleşerek akla ve meleğe dönüşmesidir. Hâsılı aklın en önemli vasfı nesnel âlemi idrak edip orada kendi mevkii ve derecesini tayin edebilmesidir. Zaten metafizik bilgi bu tayinin bir ürünü sayılabilir. Şu hâlde sanılanın aksine mutlak anlamda aklın metafizik âlemde yeterli ve yetkin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Denilebilir ki aklın zirvesi ve yetkinliğinin son noktası olan aşk, insanın varlığın birliğini idrak ederek fenaya ulaşmasıdır.

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Mindfulness in MetaTrader
2022
Author:  
Abstract:

This article aims to point to a widespread understanding that we think is false about Mevlânâ’s opinions about the mind. According to this misunderstanding, Mevlânâ sees insufficient in mental metaphysical matters. It can be said that this misunderstanding is caused by four reasons: the first is the confusion of the mind caused by the narratives of his mindful praise and zahiren. It is possible to find the conclusion with a careful and careful reading that the mind of Mevlânâ is not in the real sense. It is necessary to say that if Mubarak is in mind, it will first contradict him. The thoughts he expresses are also a product of the mind. The second more important reason is that the commentators are unable to understand the degree/specific structure of the mind sufficiently. According to this, above each level of mind there is another level, and the minds that are at the lower level must be connected to the upper minds and distracted from them. This is why people need to follow the experts in those areas where they are not specialists. For example, patients go to the doctor for treatment. Through this and so-called narrative of Mevlânâ, the interpreters have come to the conclusion that his mind is absolutely insufficient. It should be said that in the circumstances in which the Mevlânâ is underlying, the minds at the lower level of existence are not following the upper minds. The third reason is based on the interpreters’ conclusion that the mind and love are contradictory and contradictory. The most powerful and supreme state of the mind is the love, which means that the mind (self) sacrifices itself to God. For as long as the human mind, which can be expressed as self-consciousness, remains in divinity and separation, it is impossible for man to get full knowledge, peace, comfort and comfort. In this case, it is necessary for the mind to realize what the false multiplicity, the temporary separation and the real capacity are. This state of consciousness – at least epistemologically – is the love itself, the summit of mind and the state of unity in existence. The fourth reason is that the human being is a composite existence, and it is not the mind that the human being is wrong. Thus, the human being is composed of a compound present of mind, goodness, intelligence, body, and heaven, and fear. It is often seen that people prefer the pleasure and interests that they reach with them. Therefore, it is not possible that the mind condemns the man, not himself, or that there is no superior existence than the mind on the ontological and epistemological point of view. He uses the most similar methods in his mindfulness. It should be said that the basic distinction between the mind and the mind is the distinction between the mind and the mind. He uses the absolute mind in the absolute sense. The mind is the mind, the mind is the mind, the mind is the mind, the mind is the mind, the mind is the mind, the mind is the mind. He doesn’t say that he does not follow the highest level of wisdom. In this case the man is proud, pride, ignorance and selfishness. He says that the mind is wicked. And he speaks of a false mind, which is a false and cheerful deceiver. The angels and the minds are associated with each other. by Hz. The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is the one who gives the knowledge of the Qur’an and the Qur’an. It is also the miracle and the wrath that the soul becomes the mind and the angel. The most important thing is that the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds of the minds. In fact, metaphysical information can be considered a product of this definition. In this case, it is clear that, in absolute sense, the mind is sufficient and capable in the metaphysical world. It can be said that love, which is the summit of mind and the ultimate point of its ability, is that man reaches evil by realizing the unity of existence.

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Intellect In Rūmī’s Metaphysics
2022
Author:  
Abstract:

This article aims to point out a common understanding that we think it is wrong about Rūmī’s views on intellect. According to this misconception, Rūmī sees intellect as inadequate in metaphysical matters. It can be said that this misunderstanding arises from four reasons: The first is the confusion caused by his expressions that praise and ostensibly criticize intellect at the same time. However, with a careful reading, it is possible to reach the conclusion that Rūmī did not really criticize the intellect. Because, it should be said that if Rūmī criticize it, he will contradict himself first. Because the thoughts he put forward are, in a way, the product of the intellect. The second, more important reason, is based on the commentators’ inability to adequately understand the gradual/tashkīkī structure of the mind. According to this, there is another level above each level of intelligence, and the lower minds must be connected to the higher minds and be inspired by them. For this reason, people follow experts in the field in which they are not experts. For example, a patient goes to the doctor for treatment. Based on this and similar narratives of Rūmī, commentators have concluded that he sees intellect as something that is absolutely inadequate. However, it should be said that in cases where Rūmī externally vilifies the mind, he denounces the fact that the minds at the lower level of existence are not subject to the higher minds. The third reason is based on the interpretation of the commentators that reason and love are contradictory to each other. However, Rūmī introduces the most powerful and superior state of mind as love, which means that the particular mind (the self) sacrifices itself to God. Because, as long as the particular mind, which can be expressed as self-consciousness, remains in duality and separation, it is not possible for a person to fully attain knowledge, peace, comfort and perfection. Then, in order for this to happen, the mind must become conscious of what false multiplicity, temporary separation, and true perfection are. This is the state of consciousness - at least epistemologically - the very essence of love, the pinnacle of reason, and the realization of unity in existence. The fourth reason is that it cannot be seen that man is mistaken, not the mind, since man is a composite being. That is to say, man, as a composite entity, consists of many powers such as mind, soul, intelligence, body, delusion, lust and fear. Generally, it is seen that people prefer pleasures and benefits that they reach with reason. For this reason, Rūmī does not condemn the mind itself, but the human being. Otherwise, there is no higher existence than reason in terms of ontological and epistemology, and it is not possible for him to be wrong. Among the types of reasoning, Rūmī uses analogy method mostly. It should be said that his basic distinction about the mind is the distinction between universal and particular mind. He uses the universal mind in the sense of absolute intellect. He regards particular intellect as a reflection, a relative aspect, a kind of manifestation and manifestation of the universal mind. He does not call a mind that is not subject to higher minds. In this case, pride, arrogance, ignorance and selfishness will prevail. Rūmī states that delusion is the opposite of reason. He also talks about a false mind resembling a mind, which is the sophistry ego who cheats and deceives. Rūmī equates the mind with the angel. He introduces the prophets, especially the Prophet Muhammad, and the imam of the time/Mahdī as the universal mind. In addition, miracles are the perfection of the soul and its transformation into mind and angel. In short, the most important quality of the mind is that it can perceive the objective world and determine its own position and degree there. In fact, metaphysical knowledge can be considered as a product of this determination. In that case, contrary to popular belief, it is understood that the mind is sufficient and competent in the metaphysical realm in an absolute sense. It can be said that love, which is the peak of the mind and the last point of its competence, is the realization of the unity of existence and reaching annihilation.

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Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi

Field :   Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler

Journal Type :   Ulusal

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Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi