Özet:

The movement of limiting the powers of the king, which began with "Magna Carta" in England, has led to the emergence of parliamentary governments. With the formation of parliamentary orders, the states have now begun to be governed by the rules set by the parliament, not by the demands of the kings / rulers. In this process, it can be defined as a "movement of constitutionalism" in an effort to bring the whole of the written rules, which can be considered as the foundation of the state. The main purpose of the Constitutionalism movement is to prevent behavior that managers will take with personal evaluations. The constitutional movements that started in Western Europe in the second half of the 18th century gained strength with the French Revolution and spread rapidly throughout the 19th century. Constitutions in modern sense are legal texts that limit the power of the state, which is an organized political unit. In this respect, the constitutions are the documents that regulate the opposition relations in power, which prevents the gathering of power in one hand. In addition, the constitutios determine the means of control against all kinds of violations by the organs of the state. Constitutions are therefore defined as documents that determine the rights and freedoms of an individual and provide immunity. In this sense, constitutions are very important requirements for the existence and function of the concepts of "Republic" and "Democracy". In this article, the developments to regulate the powers of the political power, which were personal or shared in the West and the Ottoman and early Turkish Republican periods, were evaluated the Ottoman State was influenced by constitutional movements during the 19th century. On December 23, 1876, the "Ottoman Constitution (Osmanlı Kanunî Esasîsi)" was put into effect and the period of constitutional and parliamentary administration started in Turkish history. With the changes made in Kanunî Esasîsi in 1909, the system was further strengthened. During the War of Independence, the Turkish Grand National Assembly enacted the first constitution in the modern sense with the name "Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu" on 20 January 1921. The fact that the sovereignty is unconditionally owned by the national is the most basic feature of this Constitution. After the proclamation of the Republic, a new and comprehensive constitution was needed. The new Constitution of 105 Articles, entitled " Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu ", was adopted by the Assembly on 20 April 1924 and entered into force on 20 May. The 1924 Constitution is a text that is dominated by natural law and individualism.

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