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Türkiye’de son 40 yıl içerisinde kültür mantarı üretiminde önemli gelişmeler meydana gelmiştir. 1983 yılında yıllık 1400 ton olan üretim miktarı, 2018 yılı sonu itibari ile 65000 ton seviyelerine gelmiştir. 1980’li yıllarda üretimin büyük bölümü modern olmayan küçük aile işletmelerinde yapılırken, günümüzde, her ne kadar aile işletmelerinin üretimi devam etse de, üretimin yaklaşık %35’lik kısmı günlük mantar üretim miktarı 1000-9000 kg arasında değişen modern tesislerde gerçekleşmektedir. Kaliteli ve güvenilir gıda tüketiminin ön plana çıkması, kültür mantarı üretiminde kalite beklentilerini karşılayabilecek üretim modellerinin başlamasını sağlamıştır. Üretimin özellikle iklimlendirme ve otomasyon açısından kontrollü ortamlarda yapılması, mantarın verim ve kalite beklentisinin karşılanmasında önemli bir unsur olmuştur. Mantar üretiminin Akdeniz ve Marmara bölgesi dışında özellikle Ege ve İç Anadolu bölgelerinde de yaygınlaştığı görülmektedir. Mantar sektörünün özellikle son 15 yıl içerisindeki hızlı gelişimi birçok problemi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Kültür mantarı sektörü, ürün verim ve kalitesine etki eden hastalık ve zararlılar nedeniyle ciddi kayıplar vermektedir. Üretim süresince karşılaşılan hastalık ve zararlılar ile mücadelede ruhsatlı kimyasalların neredeyse yok denecek kadar az olması hem mücadelede yetersiz kalınmasına hem de ruhsatsız ilaçların bilinçsizce kullanımı sonucunda oluşan pestisit kalıntıları tüketicide kültür mantarına olan güvenin azalmasına yol açmaktadır. Son yıllarda bu sorunların giderilmesi amacıyla biyolojik mücadele kapsamında çalışmalar başlatılmış ve başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar neticesinde, biyolojik preparatların mantar üretiminde kullanımı gittikçe yaygınlaşmıştır. Sektörde verim ve kalitenin artırılması için fiziksel donanımlar ve teknolojinin geliştirilmesi yanında, konu uzmanı teknik eleman ihtiyacının da giderilmesi gerekmektedir. Türkiye’de mantarcılık alanında eğitim almış teknik eleman ve akademisyen sayısının ihtiyacın çok altında olması nedeniyle üniversitelere önemli sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Sektörün önümüzdeki 10 yıl için hedef göstermiş olduğu yıllık yaklaşık 100 bin ton üretim seviyesine ulaşması, bu alanda yapılacak yeni yatırımların yanında mevcut tesislerdeki verim ve kaliteyi artıracak modernleşme ve iyileştirme çalışmaları ile mümkün olabilecektir. Bu da sektörün ihtiyaçları ve sorunlarının çözümüne yönelik Ar-Ge çalışmalarının planlanması, üniversite, kamu ve özel sektör işbirliğinde yürütülecek çalışmalarla sağlanabilecektir.
In the last 40 years there has been significant developments in the production of culture fungi in Turkey. The production amount, which was 1,400 tons per year in 1983, has reached the level of 65,000 tons by the end of 2018. In the 1980s, the majority of production was made in non-modern small family enterprises, while today, although the production of family enterprises continues, about 35% of production is made in modern facilities ranging from 1000-9000 kg. The advance of quality and reliable food consumption has provided the launch of production models that can meet quality expectations in the production of culture fungi. Production, especially in controlled environments in terms of air conditioning and automation, has been an important element in meeting the performance and quality expectations of the fungi. It is seen that the production of fungi has spread outside the Mediterranean and the Marmara region, especially in the Egean and Inner Anatolian regions. The rapid development of the fungi sector, especially in the last 15 years, has brought many problems. The culture mushrooms industry is causing serious losses due to diseases and harmful substances that affect product productivity and quality. The lack of authorized chemicals in the fight against diseases and harmful substances in the course of production almost disappears, both the lack of residues in the fight and the remains of pesticides resulting from the unconscious use of unauthorized medicines lead to a decrease in the confidence of consumers in the culture mushroom. In recent years, studies have been launched in the framework of biological struggle in order to solve these problems and successful results have been achieved. As a result of these studies, the use of biological preparations in fungi production has become increasingly widespread. In addition to the development of physical equipment and technology to improve efficiency and quality in the sector, the need for specialists in the subject must also be addressed. In Turkey, the number of technical elements and academics who have been trained in the field of mushrooms is far below the need, and the universities have significant responsibilities. To reach the production level of approximately 100,000 tons per year that the sector has aimed for the next 10 years, the new investments in this area will be possible with modernization and improvement work that will increase the efficiency and quality of existing facilities. This will also be achieved by the planning of R & D work to solve the needs and problems of the sector, with the work that will be carried out in collaboration with the university, public and private sector.
Significant improvements in mushroom production occurred in Turkey for last 40 years. The production amount, which was 1400 tons annually in 1983, reached 65000 tons as of the end of 2018. While the big part of the mushroom production was carried out in non-modern small family enterprises in 1980s, although the production of family enterprises continues, about 35% of the mushroom production is currently realized in modern plants with daily mushroom production ranged between 1000-9000 kg. Coming to the forefront of high quality and reliable food consumption has provided the starting of the production models that are able to satisfy consumer expectations in cultivated mushroom production. Performing the production in especially controlled environments in terms of air conditioning and automation has been an important factor in meeting the expectations of yield and quality of mushrooms. It is seen that mushroom production is widespread especially in Aegean and Central Anatolia regions besides Mediterranean and Marmara regions. The rapid development of the mushroom sector, especially in the last 10-15 years, has brought many problems. Cultivated mushroom sector has serious losses due to diseases and pests affecting product yield and quality. The presence of licensed chemicals for the control of diseases and pests during the production processes is a very small number and those products leads to insufficiency in control them, and also leads to a decrease in consumer confidence to cultivated mushrooms due to pesticide residues in the product as a result of unconscious drug use. In recent years, studies have been carried out within the scope of biological control to overcome these problems and successful results have been obtained. As a result of these studies, the use of biological preparations in mushroom production has become increasingly widespread. In order to increase efficiency and quality in the sector, besides the physical equipment and technology, the need for expert technical personnel should be met. Universities have important responsibilities in the elimination of problems due to a small number of technicians trained in the field of mushrooms and the small number of academicians. To reach approximately 100 thousand tons of product levels that targeted by the mushroom sector for the next 10 years, could be possible with new investments to be made in this field as well as modernization and improvement works that will increase the efficiency and quality in the existing facilities. This can be achieved through planning of research and development studies in order to solve the needs and problems of the sector and studies to be carried out in cooperation with the university, public and private sectors.
Alan : Sağlık Bilimleri; Ziraat, Orman ve Su Ürünleri
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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