Abstract:

CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions have been viewed as the main cause of climate change. An increasing number of studies investigate the stationarity and unit root properties of CO2 emissions series per capita using different techniques. In this study, the stationarity of CO2 emissions per capita in low-income countries is analyzed using structural breaks and nonlinear unit root tests. Zivot-Andrews (1992), Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) (LM) unit root tests were applied for the period 1960-2016. Since the CO2 emissions series per capita showed nonlinearity condition, the analysis was performed by using Leybourne, Newbold and Vougas (1998) (LNV), Harvey and Mills (2002) (HM), Kapetanios, Shin and Snell (2003) (KSS), Sollis (2009), Kruse (2011), Hepsag (2019) methods. According to both Zivot-Andrews (1992), Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) (LM) unit root tests with structural breaks and nonlinear Leybourne et al. (1998) (LNV), Harvey and Mills (2002) (HM), Kapetanios et al. (2003) (KSS), Sollis (2009), Kruse (2011), Hepsag (2019) unit root tests, mixed findings were obtained on the stationarity of CO2 emissions per capita. All findings provide environmental economic consequences for policy makers.

Keywords: