Özet:

Thousands of people are killed, injured and psychologically damaged every year by Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) and explosives. For this reason, countries have made tremendous efforts and spent a considerable amount of their budget to ensure their national security. IEDs, which even the most powerful armies find it difficult to develop solutions to take countermeasures, are a major problem for the Turkish Armed Forces. In recent years, the fight against IEDs has become more and more important as it is frequently used in terrorist acts in Turkey. Detection of an explosive buried beneath the surface is a challenging process that requires obtaining information about the terrain, environmental conditions, climatic structure and characteristics of the buried material. There is no standard detection method due to many variables such as the conditions under which the detection method will be used, the required distance, sensitivity and speed. For this reason, there are many ongoing studies around the world. However, not all techniques and methods used to detect explosives are useful and do not provide accurate results. Depending on the type of explosive substance to be detected, environmental factors, distance, depth under the ground, chemical components and such factors should be considered for selecting the most appropriate technique. In this article, firstly general information about explosives and IEDs are given and their chemical structures and detection technologies are examined. Then, four spectroscopy-based methods used in IED detection are discussed their advantages and disadvantages are examined. These automatic and non-contact methods focus on different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM) and deal with explosive detection in different ways. These techniques are: (i) Hyperspectral Imaging, (ii) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, (iii) Terahertz Technology (iv) Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). These methods have been evaluated in terms of their success in finding bulk or trace explosives, their use in laboratory or operational conditions and their effects on human health. Finally, the issues to be considered in automatic detection of explosives and IEDs, and the future of the developments in this field are discussed

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