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19. Yüzyıl İngiliz Ahlak Düşüncesinde William Whewell ve John Stuart Mill Polemiği
2021
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Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
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Abstract:

Bu makalede 19. yüzyıl İngiliz Ahlak düşüncesinin iki önemli düşünürü olan William Whewell ile John Stuart Mill arasındaki polemiği konu ediniyorum. Whewell Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in England adlı eserinde Bentham ve faydacı teoriye çeşitli eleştiriler yöneltmiştir. Mill de bu eleştirileri cevaplamak için “Whewell on Moral Philosophy” başlıklı bir yazı kaleme almıştır. Whewell genel olarak faydacılığı eylemleri haz ve acı temelinde değerlendirmesi, Bentham’ı da haz ve acı üzerine bir ahlak teorisi inşa etmekle suçlarken; Mill ise Whewell’i sisteminin temel ahlaki ilkeleri için gerekçeler üretirken faydacı sebeplere müracaat etmekle itham eder. Her iki düşünürün de sıklıkla retorik hilelere müracaat ettiği bu kalem kavgası, görüşlerin teknik olmak-tan ziyade popüler argümanlarla desteklendiği bir polemiktir. Bu polemikte Whewell’in genel amacı, faydacılığın zannedildiği kadar güçlü temellere sahip olmadığını göstermekken, Mill’in amacı ise Whewell’in eleştirilerinin önyargılara dayandığını göstermektir. Bu anlamda her iki teo-rinin de mutlak savunusu olarak kabul edilmemesi gerektiğini düşündüğüm bu tartışmada Mill’in verdiği cevaplarla Whewell’in bir adım önüne geçtiği söylenebilir.

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A Polemic In 19th Century British Moral Thought Between William Whewell and John Stuart Mill
2021
Author:  
Abstract:

This article deals with the polemic between William Whewell and John Stuart Mill, two major thinkers of 19th century British moral thought. In his work, Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in England, Whewell criticized Bentham and utilitarianism. Mill also wrote an article titled "Whewell on Moral Philosophy" to answer these criticisms. Whewell generally accuses utilitarianism of evaluating actions on the basis of pleasure and pain and Bentham of building a moral theory on pleasure and pain; Mill accuses Whewell of solving the relation between self-interest and duty by appealing to God, and of appealing to utilitarian reasons when generating justifications for the basic moral principles of his system. This polemic, in which both thinkers often apply rhetorical tricks, is a polemic in which opinions are supported by popular arguments rather than technical ones. In this polemic, Whewell's main purpose is to show that utilitarianism does not have as strong foundations as it seems, while Mill's aim is to present that Whewell's criticisms are based on prejudices. In this context, based on the answers given, it can be said that Mill is more successful than Whewell, which I think should not be accepted as the absolute defense of both theories.

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Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Ulusal

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Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi