Özet:

İstiʿāra, which has been seen as one of the important concepts of rhetoric from the classical period to the present, and which means the use of a word or expression in a different sense for the purpose of similarity, has been defined and classified differently from the classical period until today, and separate books have been written on istiʿāra. Abdul‘azīz Atīq (d. 1976), one of the modern Arab rhetoric writers, who defines metaphor in his book fī al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya: ʿIlm al-bayān: as a simile (tashbīh) that does not have one side, he classified it in three parts as taṣrīḥiyya and makniyya in terms of analogy; aṣliyya and tabaʿiyya in terms of the the structure of the word; murashshaḥa, mujarrada and muṭlaqa in terms of the characteristics of both sides of the istiʿāra. This categorization of Atīq, which opened a separate sub-title for istiʿāra tamthīliyya, was similar to the Alī al-Jārim and Muṣṭafā Emīn’s al-Balāgha al-Wāḍiḥa and Muḥammad Aḥmad Qāsim and Muḥyiddīn Dīb’s ʿUlūm al-balāgha: al-badīʿ al-bayān, al-maʿānī books. Although there is a similar classification situation in Muḥammad b. Ṣāliḥ al-ʿUthaymīn’s (d. 2001) Durūs al-balāgha and Ali Bulut’s Belâgat: Meânî, beyân, bedî‘ books, these two authors did not refer to istiʿāra tamthīliyya. Despite this situation of Muṣṭafā al-Ṣāwī al-Juwaynī (d. 1988), who divides metaphor into two parts only as taṣrīḥiyya and makniyya in his book al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya Ta’ṣīl wa tajdīd, the istiʿāra classifications in Aḥmad Muṣṭafā al-Marāghī’s ʿUlūm al-balāgha book, Aḥmad al-Hāshimī’s (d. 1943) Jawāhir al-Balāgha book, Ḥasan Ḥabannaka al-Maydānī’s (d. 2004) al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya Ususuhā wa afnānuhā book and Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās’s (d. 2011) al-Balāgha funūnuhā book are has been more comprehensive and diverse than the authors above. In this study, definitions and divisions related to metaphor in some of the Arabic rhetoric books that were written recently and came to the fore were examined. The aim of this research is to identify different methodological approaches, classifications and concepts used for metaphor in Arabic rhetoric works written in the modern period.

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