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19
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12
Anadolu Selçuklu döneminde kentlerin tarihi dokusu içindeki en anıtsal yapıları medreseler ve darüşşifalar oluşturmaktadır. Bu dönemde medreseler ve darüşşifaların içinde ya da bitişiğinde mescit ve türbe gibi farklı işlevli birimler yer alır. Bu bağlamda medrese ve darüşşifalarda bulunan tek ya da çift katlı olan bani türbeleri özel bir gruptur. Bu çalışmada Anadolu Selçuklu döneminin farklı süreçlerinde inşa edilen medrese ve darüşşifalardan örnekler seçilerek konu incelenmiştir. Yapıların konumu, tarihi, banisi, mimari özellikleri dikkate alınarak, medrese- türbe, darüşşifa- türbe ilişkileri irdelenecektir. Eğitim ve sağlık yapıları çoğunlukla dönemin Selçuklu hükümdarı ya da devlet adamları tarafından inşa ettirilmiştir. Anadolu’da 13. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, İlhanlı döneminde Sivas ve Erzurum gibi şehirlerde bulunan anıtsal medreselerin çoğu dönemin emirleri ve vezirleri tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Ortaçağ Türk mimarisinde açık ya da kapalı bir avlu çevresinde kurgulanan medrese ve darüşşifalar, çoğunlukla revaklı bir avlu, avluya açılan sayıları bir- dört arasında değişen eyvanlar, öğrenci odaları, kışlık dershane odaları, mescit, türbe, kütüphane, imaret gibi birimlerden oluşmaktadır. Yapılarda türbelerin çoğu eyvanlardan birine bitişik yapılmıştır. Çok az örnekte medreselere dıştan bitişik türbeler bulunmaktadır. Yaygın olarak Anadolu Selçuklu medreselerinde ve az sayıdaki darüşşifa örneğinde gördüğümüz bu türbeler çeşitli kurguları ile özel tasarlanmış, öne çıkan yapılardır.
During the Anadolu Selçuklu period, the most monumental structures within the historic tissue of the cities formed the medreses and deforestations. During this period, different functional units, such as mosque and turbe, are located inside or in the vicinity of the medreses and fractures. In this context, a single or double layer of sand turbines found in medrese and fractures is a special group. In this study, the subject was studied by selecting examples of medrese and darkshiffs built in different processes of the Anadolu Selçuklu period. The location, history, landscape, architectural characteristics of the buildings will be taken into account, the medrese-turbe, darushifa-turbe relationships will be drawn up. The educational and health structures were mainly built by the Selçuklu ruler or the state men of the time. 13 in Anatolia. In the second half of the century, most of the monuments found in cities such as Sivas and Erzurum during the Divine period were built by the orders and the worshippers of the time. In the medieval Turkish architecture, the medrese and shrimpes established around an open or closed garden, mostly a revaked garden, the number opened to the garden is made up of units such as eivans, student rooms, winter classrooms, mosque, turbe, library, imaret. The majority of the turbines are built near one of the edges. There are very few examples of turbines from the outside. These turbines we see widely in the Anadolu Selçuklu medres and in a small number of shrinking examples are specifically designed, outstanding structures with a variety of fiction.
Medresses and darüşşifas/hospitals were the most monumental edifi ces within the historical texture of cities during the Anatolian Seljuk period. There were diff erent units with diff erent functions inside or attached to these buildings. In this context, single or double storied founder mausoleums at these medresses or hospitals were being consistent a special group. In this study, the subject is examined through the examples chosen among the medresses and hospitals built on diff erent dates during the Anatolian Seljuk period. The relations between the medresse/darüşşifa and the tombs will be examined considering the location of the buildings, their history, founders and architectural features. These education and health facilities were mostly built by the Seljuk rulers or statesmen of the period. During the second half of the thirteenth century in Anatolia, most of the monumental medresses in cities such as Sivas and Erzurum in Ilkhanid period were built by the emirs and viziers of the period. Medresses and darüşşifa buildings which had been planned around an open or closed yard within the medieval Turkish architectural context, mostly consist of an arcaded yard, iwans ranging from one to four opening to this yard, student rooms, winter classrooms, masjid, tomb, library and imarets. Most of the tombs at these buildings had been built adjacent to one of these iwans. In very few examples, there are externally adjacent tombs at the medresses. These tombs, which we widely see in the Anatolia Seljuk medresses but in a limited number of Darüşşifas/hospitals, are the prominent buildings with their structures and special designs.
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