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Bu araştırmanın amacı, coğrafî bakış açısıyla, toprakların mülkiyet bakımından ülkelere göre nasıl bir dağılım gösterdiğini belirlemek ve söz konusu dağılımın sonuçları kapsamında önerilerde bulunmaktır. Bu amaç kapsamında ILC, FAO, RRI gibi küresel kurumların verileri incelenerek tablo, grafik haline dönüştürülmüş ve toprak mülkiyetinin mekânsal dağılışını gösteren haritalar hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmada betimsel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada geçmişten günümüze toprak mülkiyetinin evrimi genel olarak ele alınmış, özellikle Gini Toprak Endeksine göre küresel ölçekte toprak mülkiyeti değerlendirilmiş, Gini Toprak Endeksi ile İnsani Gelişmişlik Endeksi karşılaştırılmıştır. Bunlar yanında küçük çiftçilerin ve küçük çiftliklerin küresel olarak dağılımı ve yerli halkın-yerel toplulukların mülkiyet durumu irdelenmiştir. Devamında Türkiye’de toprak mülkiyet yapısı genel olarak değerlendirilmiş, çalışmanın bütününü desteklemesi açısından Dünyada ve Türkiye’de toprak reformu uygulamalarına örnekler verilmiştir. Yerleşik yaşamdan günümüze, iktidarı ve hiyerarşik sistemi elinde tutan yerel ve küresel güçler, yeniden üretilemeyen en önemli doğal kaynak olan toprakları sahiplenmiş ve rant kaynağı olarak görmüştür. Günümüzde toprak mülkiyeti gelirden de daha eşitsiz bir şekilde dağılmıştır. Toplam 110 ülkeden elde edilen veriler, toprak mülkiyetinin genellikle zenginlerin elinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Yeryüzünde açlıkla mücadele eden hanelerin yarısı küçük toprak sahibi iken, % 20’si ise topraksızdır. 64 ülkede yürütülen bir çalışmada, toplam arazilerin % 82’sinin hükümetler ve özel girişimcilerin hâkimiyetinde olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Özellikle Latin Amerika’da milyonlarca küçük çiftçi, büyük toprak sahiplerinin gücü yüzünden mağdur olmakta ve bazen arazileri işgal etmektedirler. Bu göstergeler, küresel-yerel hegemonik güçlerin toprakları adeta zapt ettiğini ifade etmektedir. Üzerinde yaşayan yerel toplulukları dikkate almayan bu toprak mülkiyet düzeni, gıda, orman, su vb. krizlerinin tetiklenmesine ve etki alanlarının genişlemesine neden olabilecektir. Küresel ölçekte, toprakların % 25’inin degrade olması da söz konusu toprak mülkiyet düzeninin ivedilikle değişmesi gerektiğini ifade etmektedir. Bu çerçevede toprağı işleyen yerel halklar ve topluluklar arasında küresel işbirliği geliştirilmeli, yerel kaynakların potansiyeline uygun şekilde kullanılabilmesi için gerekli sübvansiyonlar yapılmalı, küçük çiftçiler korunmalıdır. Bunun yanında, ülkeler kendi bağımsız tarım ve gıda politikalarını oluşturmalarıdır. Özetle bütüncül bakış açısına sahip tarım reformları çerçevesinde toprakların adil ve eşit bir biçimde dağıtılmasına, toplulaştırılmasına (belirli ellerde değil) özen gösterilmeli, küresel ve ulusal örgütlenmelerle küresel şirketlerin küçük çiftçileri ve yerli üretimi yok etmesinin önüne geçilmelidir. Bu çalışmanın eleştirel coğrafya ve siyasi coğrafya literatürüne katkı sağlaması temennimizdir.
The purpose of this study is to determine, from a geographical point of view, how the land is distributed according to the country and to make recommendations in the context of the results of that distribution. With this aim, the data of global institutions such as ILC, FAO, RRI have been studied and the table has been converted into graphics and maps have been prepared to show the spatial distribution of land ownership. The method was used in the study. This study discussed the evolution of land ownership from the past to the present in general, especially according to the Gini Land Index, land ownership was evaluated globally, the Gini Land Index was compared to the Human Development Index. In addition to this, the global distribution of small farmers and small farms and the state of ownership of indigenous people-local communities have been addressed. The structure of land ownership in Turkey has been evaluated in general, and examples of land reform practices in the world and in Turkey have been given in terms of supporting the whole work. From settled life to today, the local and global powers, holding power and the hierarchical system in their hands, have possessed and seen the land as the main natural resource that cannot be re-produced. Today, the property is more unfairly distributed than the income. In total, data from 110 countries show that land ownership is usually in the hands of the wealthy. Half of the households fighting hunger on Earth own small land, while 20 percent are landless. According to a study conducted in 64 countries, 82% of the total land is governed by governments and private entrepreneurs. Especially in Latin America, millions of small farmers are victims of the power of big landowners and sometimes occupy the lands. These indicators indicate that the global-local hegemonic powers are quite overwhelming the land. This land ownership system that does not take into account the local communities living on it, food, forest, water, etc. It can cause their crises to trigger and expand their fields of influence. In global scale, the degradation of 25% of the land also indicates that the land ownership system should be changed in a timely manner. In this framework, global cooperation between the local peoples and communities that operate the land should be developed, the necessary subsidies should be made to ensure that local resources can be used in accordance with their potential, and the small farmers should be protected. In addition, the countries have to establish their own independent agricultural and food policies. In the framework of agricultural reforms with a comprehensive perspective, the fair and equal distribution of land and the consolidation of land (not in certain hands) should be carried out, and global and national organizations should prevent global companies from destroying small farmers and domestic production. We hope that this study will contribute to the critical geography and political geography literature.
Aim of this study is to determine, in geographical perspective, how lands show distribution according to countries in property and make suggestions within scope of results of this distribution. Data of global organizations such as ILC, FAO and RRI were examined, converted into table, plotted and maps which showed spatial distribution of land property were prepared. We used descriptive method in the study. In this study, the evolution of land ownership from the past to the present has been discussed in general, especially the land ownership was evaluated on a global scale according to the Land Gini Index (LGI), and the LGI was compared with the Human Development Index. In addition, the global distribution of small farmers-small farms and the ownership status of indigenous people-local communities were examined. Later on, land ownership structure in Turkey was considered, in general, and examples of land reform implementations in Turkey and in the world were given in terms of supporting the whole of the work. Local&global forces that have held the power and hierarchical system, from the settled life to the present, laid claims to lands in the position of the most important natural resource which is irreproducible, and they saw lands as source of the unearned income. Today, land property has distributed in a more unequal way than income. Data from 110 countries show it is at hands of the rich in general. While half of households struggling with starvation are smallholder farmers, 20% have no land. A study conducted in 64 countries states 82% of total lands are at hands of governments and private entrepreneurs. Particularly, millions of small farmers in Latin America suffer from large landowners and sometimes they occupy lands. These results show global-local hegemonic powers virtually seized lands. This land property order disregarding local communities can cause crises of food, forest, water to be triggered and their spheres of influence to expand. On global scale, that 25% of lands become degraded states the said land property order should change urgently. Within this scope, global collaboration between local people and communities cultivating the land should be developed; the needed subsidies should be provided so that local resources can be used in a suitable way for their potential and small farmers be protected. In addition, countries should establish their own independent agricultural&food policies. In summary, within the framework of agricultural reforms with a holistic perspective, attention should be paid to the fair and equal distribution and consolidation of lands (not in certain hands), and through global and national organizations, small farmers-domestic production should be prevented from destroying by global companies. We hope that this study will contribute to the critical geography and political geography literature.
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