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Chrome Smuggling from Ottoman Western Anatolia to Europe (1848-1914)
2020
Journal:  
History Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

Aydın ve Hüdavendigâr vilayetlerinde XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren keşfedilen krom madenlerini işletenler, cevheri Avrupa´da anlaştıkları şirketlere gönderdiler. İmtiyaz sahipleri, madenin nakli için mukavelenamelerde üstlendikleri vergi ve harçları ödememek için birtakım usulsüzlüklere başvurdular. İngiltere´ye geçirilen cevherin tonilatosunun olduğundan düşük gösterilmesi en çok başvurulan hile yöntemiydi. Madenin arama sürecinde bir miktar ihraç hakkı verilen bazı imtiyaz sahiplerinin bu sınırı ve süreyi aşmak suretiyle Avrupa´ya kaçak maden geçirmesi de bir diğer kaçakçılık yoluydu. Maden hukukundaki düzenlemelerle bu önemli cevherin ihracından sağlanacak vergi gelirlerini artırmayı amaçlayan Osmanlı Hükümeti ise krom madeninin kaçak yollardan Avrupa´ya ihracını önlemek için birtakım tedbirler aldı. 1887 ve 1896 Maden Nizamnamelerinde, madenin ihracında hile yaptığı tespit edilen imtiyaz sahipleri için nakdî ceza öngörüldü. Bunun yanı sıra madenlerin doğru ölçülmesini sağlaması için memurlar tayin edilerek gümrük kontrolü sağlanmaya çalışıldı. Alınan tüm tedbirlere rağmen kaçakçılığın önüne geçilemedi. Sektörde rekabet halinde olan imtiyaz sahipleri, birbirlerini ihbar yoluyla hükümeti kaçakçılıktan haberdar ettiler. Patersonların Glasgow´a kaçak yollardan cevher gönderdiği tespit edilse de siyasi ve ekonomik baskılar nedeniyle gerekli yaptırımlar uygulanamadı. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında İngiltere ile bozulan ilişkilerin paralelinde Almanya ile siyasi ve ekonomik olarak kurulan yakınlık, krom madeni ihracını da etkiledi ve Türk kromları, XX. yüzyılın başında, özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Almanya´ya ve Krupp Fabrikası´na gönderildi.

Keywords:

Chronic trafficking from the Ottoman West Anatolia to Europe (1848-1914)
2020
Journal:  
History Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

In the 19th and 19th centuries. Those who operate the chrom mines discovered in the second half of the century sent them to companies they agreed in Europe. The property owners applied for a number of misconduct in order to avoid paying the taxes and fees they took on for the transfer of the mines. The low tonilation of the cabbage transmitted to Britain was the most applied fraud method. In the process of searching for the mining, some privileged owners granted some export rights over this limit and time passing the mining to Europe was another way of trafficking. The Ottoman government, which aims to increase the tax revenues from the export of this important grape with the regulations in the mining law, has taken a number of measures to prevent the export of chromium mines to Europe from the evacuation. In the 1887 and 1896 Mining Nominations, a cash penalty was provided for the beneficiaries found to have fraud in the mining exports. In addition, officials were appointed to ensure that the mines were properly measured and customs controls were made. Despite all the measures taken, it was not possible to prevent the trafficking. The competitors in the sector informed each other by means of the government of the trafficking. Though it was found that paters were sent to Glasgow through the escape roads, the necessary sanctions were not imposed due to political and economic pressure. The XIX. In parallel with the breaking relations with Britain at the end of the century, the political and economic proximity established with Germany also affected the exports of chromium minerals and the Turkish chromium, XX. At the beginning of the century, especially during the First World War, it was sent to Germany and the Krupp Factory.

Keywords:

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2020
Journal:  
History Studies
Author:  
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History Studies