Özet:

This study consists of a short biographical information about the 20th century German philosopher historian Ernst von Aster and the "Modern Philosophy" course notes he gave at the University of Istanbul, the Faculty of Literature, the Philosophy branch during his 1943-1944 educational period. The text consisting of the notes that Cahit Tanyol holds with the Ottoman Turkish from the students of philosophy in that period, translated into the Latin alphabet, was made ready for publication. These lessons begin with Descartes’ philosophy, especially the understanding of existence. After that, Descartes and Newton's ideas about the universe and mechanics are compared. It follows the relationship between Newton's physics and Kant's philosophy. It is then compared with the metaphysics of Kant and the philosophy of Brentano. After the new Kantism and Schelling relationship, notes continue with Kant's comparison with Husserl. Heidegger’s ontology also describes important concepts of time and space, comparing the concept of existence of Descartes and Heidegger. Finally, the vitalism of Hans Driesch and the spiritism of Bergson are described. After comparing Bergson’s and Darwin’s concepts of evolution, the notes end with the subject of New Positivism.

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