Özet:

It is shown that the combined equation of the 1st and 2nd principles of classical thermodynamics does not transform into inequality in the case of irreversible processes, if the external energy exchange of the system is expressed in terms of energy carrier flows. This means that thermodynamic inequalities are generated by attempts to take into account the irreversibility of real (non-static) processes, without taking into account explicitly its reasons - the inhomogeneity of the system and the presence of internal sources not only for entropy, but also for other parameters. On this basis, exact expressions of heat and work in open nonequilibrium systems, as well as their dissipative function, are obtained. The physical meaning of entropy as a thermal impulse and the unprovability of the principle of its increase in the framework of equilibrium systems are revealed. Non-entropy criteria for evolution are proposed and the latter is shown to be incompatible not only with the second law of thermodynamics, but also with the laws of conservation of energy carriers. The elimination of thermodynamic inequalities opens up the possibility of applying the equations of thermodynamics, taking into account energy dissipation, to other fundamental disciplines. 

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