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Modern Avrupa romanının şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynayan dünya savaşları, teknolojik gelişmeler ve siyasi olaylar göç, sürgün, mülteci gibi kavramların edebiyat eserlerinde daha sık kullanılmasına yol açar. Dönemin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik olaylarını arka planında barındıran Milan Kundera’nın Bilmemek romanı yurtsuzluk, aidiyet(siz)lik ve sürgün konularını yıllar sonra ülkelerine dönen iki karakter üzerinden aktarır. Ülkesini terk edip giden veya gitmek zorunda bırakılanlar ile tüm olumsuzluklara rağmen vatanlarından ayrılmayanlar arasındaki gerilim, başkahramanların dönüşleriyle karşılıklı görüşlerin ortaya konduğu ancak kimsenin diğerini anlamadığı bir anlatı dünyasını kurar. Göç edenler gittikleri yerde mülteci, döndükleri yerde ise yabancı olarak görülür. Kalanlar onları aralarına kabul etmez ve suçlayıcı tavırlar sergilerler. Gidenlerin neler yaşadıklarını, hangi olumsuzluklara maruz kaldıklarını ve ne hissettiklerini umursamazlar. Kaçak, mülteci, sürgün ve yabancı olarak görülen iki başkahraman nereye ait olduklarını ya da bir yere ait olup olmadıklarını bilemezler. Anlatıcı karakterlerin birbirine zıt seslerini yer yer açıklama ya da müdahaleler yaparak okuyucuya iletir. Karakterlerin birbiriyle çatışan dolayısıyla bir tür söyleşim (dialogisme) yaratan kendilerine özgü sesleri romanda polifonik / çoksesli bir kurgu oluşturur. Yaptığı çalışmalarla romandaki her bir kahramanı özgün söylemi olan bir birey olarak kabul eden M. Bahtin, birçok sesin aynı metinde bulunması durumunu çokseslilik (polyphonie) terimiyle açıklar. Makalede Bahtin’in, söyleşimsellik, çokseslilik, çokdillilik kuramlarıyla ilgili genel bilgiler verildikten sonra ele alınan romanda ses ve dil zenginliğinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanır.
World wars, technological developments and political events, which play an important role in the formation of the modern European novel, lead to the more frequent use of concepts such as immigration, deportation, refugees in literary works. Milan Kundera's Unknown novel, which has a background on the social, economic and political events of the period, translates the issues of homelessness, membership and deportation through two characters who return to their countries years later. The tension between those who leave their country or are forced to leave and those who don’t leave their homeland despite all the negatives creates a narrative world where mutual opinions arise with the return of the heroes but no one understands the other. The immigrants are seen as refugees where they go, and foreigners where they return. The rest do not accept them among them and display accusatory attitudes. They don't care about what those who left go through, what negativity they are exposed to and how they feel. The two protagonists, who are seen as fugitives, refugees, exiles and foreigners, do not know where they belong or whether they belong somewhere. The narrator conveys the contrasting voices of the characters to the reader by making explanations or interventions from time to time. The unique voices of the characters, which conflict with each other and thus create a kind of dialogue (dialogisme), form a polyphonic / polyphonic fiction in the novel. M. Bahtin, who accepts each hero in the novel as an individual with a unique discourse with his works, explains the presence of many voices in the same text with the term polyphony. The article aims to reveal the richness of sound and language in the novel discussed after giving general information about Bahtin's theories of speech, multilingualism, and multilingualism.
World wars, technological developments and political events that have played an important role in the shaping of the modern French novel have led to a more frequent use of concepts such as migration, exile and refugee in literary works. Against a background of the social, economic and political events of the period, Milan Kundera’s novel Ignorance narrates the issues of homelessness, (non)belonging and deportation through two characters who returned to their countries after many years. With the return of the protagonists, the tension between those who left or who were forced to leave their country and those who did not leave their homeland despite all the troubles turns into a narrative structure in which mutual opinions are put forward but no one understands each other. Migrants are seen as refugees in the place to which they go and as foreigners in the place to which they return. Those who did not leave their homeland do not accept them and behave in an accusatory manner towards them. They do not care about what those who had left gone through, what they had experienced and how they had felt. The two protagonists - who are seen as fugitives, refugees, exiles and foreigners - cannot know where they belong or even whether they belong anywhere. Through occasional explanations or interventions the narrator conveys the opposing voices of the characters to the reader. The distinctive voices of the characters that conflict with each other and thus create a kind of dialogism form a polyphonic fiction in the novel. M. Bakhtin, who accepts each hero in the novel as an individual with free discourse, describes the existence of many voices in the same text with the term polyphony. After giving general information about Bakhtin’s theories of conversationalism, polyphony and multilingualism, this article aims to reveal the richness of voice and language in the novel.
Field : Filoloji
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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