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ÜÇ BOYUTLU GENOM ORGANİZASYONUNA GENEL BAKIŞ
2019
Journal:  
Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

Genomların temel özelliği hücre çekirdeğindeki üç boyutlu topolojik organizasyonudur. “Kromozom alanları” terimi nükleusun belli bölgelerinin belli kromozomlar tarafından kullanılmasını ifade etmektedir. Yani kromozomların nüklear boşlukta rastgele düzenlenmediği, genom içindeki bazı genlerin tercih ettikleri bölgeleri işgal ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Kromozom alanlarının organizasyonu gen yoğunluğu ve boyutu ile ilişkilidir. Bu durumda gen bakımından zengin kromozomların interior pozisyonları, gen bakımından zayıf kromozomların perifer pozisyonları tercih ettiği rapor edilmiştir. Kromozom alanları ayrıca dinamik yapılardır böylece genler açılacağı zaman periferden interior pozisyona doğru yer değiştirebilirler. İnsan genomunun mekansal organizasyonunun genlerin transkripsiyonel kontrolünde önemli bir rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. DNA ilmeklenmesiyle promotör ve enhansır etkileşimleri temelli çalışmalar gen ekspresyonunun uzaktaki kromatin temaslarıyla düzenlendiğini göstermiştir. Düzenleyici DNA elemanları ve genlerin hücreye spesifik transkripsiyon düzenleyici programları nasıl yürüttüğü başta gelen araştırma konularındandır. Genetik çalışmalar enhansır promotör birlikteliğinin üç kuralı etrafında tamamlanır: Doğrusal yakınlık durumları, enhansır promotör uyumu ve enhansır aktivitesini bloklayabilen sekansların varlığı. Bu kuralların arkasında yatan moleküler mekanizmaları anlamak için regülatör bölgelerin uzak mesafelerde nasıl faaliyet gösterdiğini bilmeye ihtiyacımız vardır. Herhangi bir hücre tipinin binlerce ya da daha fazla düzenleyici bölge içerdiği bulunmuştur. 200 hücre tipi göz önüne alındığında insan genomunun karmaşık bir düzenleyici sistem olarak çalıştığı görülmektedir. Doğrusal DNA’dan üç boyutlu nükleusa kadar kromatin organizasyonu küçük ve büyük ölçekte çok iyi karakterize edilmiştir ancak ara seviyelerdeki kromatin organizasyonu hakkında bilgilerimiz hala sınırlıdır. Kromozom konformasyonunu yakalama (3C) teknolojilerinin gelişmesi interfaz nükleusunun üç boyutlu kromatin organizasyonuna yeni bakış açısı getirmiştir. Bu derlemede, genomun mekânsal organizasyonundan, bu organizasyondaki bazı etkileşimlerden ve son yıllarda yapılan bazı çalışmalardan bahsedilmiştir.

Keywords:

The three-dimensional genome organization
2019
Author:  
Abstract:

The main characteristic of the genomes is the three-dimensional topological organization in the cell nucleus. The term “chromosome areas” refers to the use of certain areas of the nucleus by certain chromosomes. That is, it has been found that chromosomes are not randomly arranged in the nuclear space, some genes in the genom occupy the areas they prefer. The organization of the chromosome areas is related to the genetic intensity and size. In this case, the inner positions of genetic rich chromosomes have been to prefer the peripheral positions of genetic weak chromosomes. The chromosome areas are also dynamic structures so that when the genes are opened they can change place from the peripheral to the interior position. It is known that the spatial organization of the human genom plays an important role in the transcription control of the genes. Studies based on the interactions of the promotors and enzymes with the DNA transmission have shown that genetic expression is organized by remote chromatine contacts. Regulatory DNA elements and genes are the main research subjects in how specific transcription regulatory programs are carried out to the cell. Genetic studies are completed around the three rules of the enanthate promoter union: the real proximity conditions, the enanthate promoter consistency and the presence of sequences that can block enanthate activity. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind these rules, we need to know how the regulator areas operate on distances. It has been found that any cell type contains thousands or more regulatory areas. Considering the 200 cell type, it is found that the human genome works as a complex regulatory system. From the true DNA to the three-dimensional nucleus, the organization of chromatin has been characterized very well in small and large scales, but our knowledge about the organization of chromatin in the intermediate levels is still limited. The development of chromosome conformity capture (3C) technologies has brought a new perspective on the three-dimensional chromatine organization of the interface nucleus. In this collection, we discuss the spatial organization of the genom, some interactions in this organization and some of the studies that have been done in recent years.

Keywords:

Overwiew Of Three Dimensional Genom Organization
2019
Author:  
Abstract:

A fundamental property of genomes is their topological organization in the cell nucleus. “Chromosome territories” refer to the use of certain regions of the nucleus by a specific chromosomes. It is determined that, chromosomes are not arranged randomly in the cell space and many genes in the genom occupy preferred areas. The organization of chromosomal domains are associated to gene density and size. In this case, it has been reported that gene-rich chromosomes prefer interior positions and that gene-poor chromosomes prefer peripheral positions. Chromosomal domains are also dynamic structures, so genes can be displaced from the periphery to the interior position when opened. It is known that the spatial organization of the human genome plays an important role in the transcriptional control of genes. Based on studies of promoter and enhancer interactions by DNA looping, it is clear that gene expression is facilitated and regulated through contacts of distal chromatin contacts. The primary research topics are how regulatory DNA elements and genes are wired to properly execute cell-specific transcription regulatory programs. Genetic experiments have uncovered three rules of enhancer–promoter engagement: linear proximity matters, enhancer and promoter compatibility and some sequences exist that can block enhancer activity. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind these rules, we need to know how regulatory sites exert activities over distance. It is found that a given mammalian cell type contains thousands or more regulatory sites. With 200 different cell types, this confirms that our genome harbours a complex regulatory landscape. From linear DNA to the three dimensional nucleus, chromatin organization is well characterized on both the small scale and the very large scale; however, our understanding of the intermediate levels of chromatin organization remains limited. With the advent of chromosome conformation capture (3C) technologies tremendous progress in our understanding of three dimensional chromatin organization of interphase nucleus has been made. In this review, it is mentioned about spatial organization of genom, some interactions in this organisation and some actual studies in recent years.

Keywords:

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Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi

Field :   Sağlık Bilimleri

Journal Type :   Ulusal

Metrics
Article : 1.024
Cite : 2.072
2023 Impact : 0.043
Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi