Özet:

This paper focuses on the apodictic foundations of the classical sciences’ classification. First of all, within this framework, the educational basis of the classification of sciences is revealed by drawing attention to the difficulty in learning arising from the impossibility of encompassing the entirety of existence within a single science. Then, the ontological and epistemological foundations of the classification are pointed out and the division of sciences in the most general sense is given. Particularly from Ibn Sînâ’s perspective, the rationale and criteria for qualifying sciences as being “before” and “after,” superior and inferior, up and down are emphasized. The apodictic background of the distinctions in the form of whole–partial sciences, primary-secondary sciences, universal-particular sciences, which all emerged depending on the generality-specificity relationship between the subjects and issues of sciences, is revealed. Problems related to the classification and hierarchy of science, such as how sciences differ from each other in terms of their subjects, whether it is possible to separate sciences from their methods, and whether it is possible to have two different sciences dealing with the same subject, are discussed. The demonstrative basis of how the subjects of the sciences are reproduced with genus, species, class, and the records added to them is emphasized, and the meaning of the thematic unity of the sciences conceptualized as being legal and genuine are examined. The paper also discusses whether the division of sciences is a rational, nominal, and inductive, drawing attention to the possibility of increasing the number of sciences, and it concludes that there is no necessity for a limitation on the subjects of the sciences.

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