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1961 Anayasası, Türk siyasi tarihi ve anayasal süreç açısından son derece önemli bir metindir. 27 Mayıs Darbesinden sonra Kurucu Meclis tarafından hazırlanmış olan ve halkoyu ile kabul edilen 1961 Anayasası, siyasi ve toplumsal alanda üzerinde hassasiyetle durulan bir konu olmuştur. Antidemokratik bir atmosferde hazırlanmış olmasına rağmen, hürriyetçi ve özgürlükçü bir içeriğe sahip olması, 1961 Anayasası’nı diğer anayasa metinlerinden ayıran önemli bir özelliktir. Anayasanın bu özelliği, ilerleyen yıllarda çeşitli eleştirileri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada 1961 Anayasası’na yöneltilen eleştiriler, anayasa üzerine yapılan tartışmalar ve 1969- 1974 yılları arasında anayasada yapılmış olan değişiklikler siyasi ve hukuki açıdan incelenmiştir. Belirtilen yıllarda yedi kez değişikliğe uğrayan 1961 Anayasası, ilk ana metinden önemli oranda farklılaşmıştır. Adalet Partisi’nin tek başına iktidarda olduğu 1965- 1971 yılları arasında anayasada ciddi bir değişiklik olmamış, esas değişiklik ise 12 Mart 1971 Muhtırasından sonra gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türkiye’nin özellikle 1967- 1971 yılları arasında karşılaşmış olduğu siyasal ve toplumsal sorunların anayasa değişikliklerinde etkili olduğu söylenebilir. 1961 Anayasası’nın hazırlanmasını sağlayan Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, 12 Mart Muhtırası ile siyasete müdahalede bulunmuş ve 1961 Anayasası’nın büyük oranda değiştirilmesinde de en etkin rolü üstlenmiştir. 1971 yılından sonra yapılan anayasa değişikliklerinde özellikle kamu düzeninin korunması ve milli güvenliğin sağlanmasının amaçlandığı söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda kişi hak ve özgürlüklerinin sınırları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada arşiv kaynakları, resmi kayıtlar, gazeteler, hatıralar ve tetkik eserler kullanılmış olup, çalışmanın siyasi tarihimize ve anayasal birikimimize katkı sağlaması amaçlanmaktadır.
The Constitution of 1961 is a very important text in terms of Turkish political history and constitutional process. The Constitution of 1961, which was prepared by the Constituent Assembly after the May 27 Conversation and adopted by the public, was a topic that was sensitively focused on the political and social field. Although prepared in an anti-democratic atmosphere, having a liberal and liberal content is an important feature that distinguishes the 1961 Constitution from other constitutional texts. This characteristic of the Constitution has brought with it various criticisms in the years to come. This study examined the criticisms of the 1961 Constitution, the debates on the constitution and the changes in the constitution between 1969 and 1974, politically and legally. The 1961 Constitution, which has been amended seven times over the specific years, has been significantly different from the first main text. There was no major change in the constitution between 1965 and 1971, when the Justice Party was in power alone, and the major change was made after the Decree of March 12, 1971. The political and social problems that Turkey faced in particular between 1967 and 1971 could be said to have an impact on the constitutional changes. The Turkish Armed Forces, which provided the preparation of the Constitution of 1961, intervened in politics with the March 12th Decree and took the most effective role in the major amendment of the Constitution of 1961. The constitutional amendments made after 1971
1961 Constitution is an absolutely important text in terms of Turkish political culture and constitutional process. Prepared by the Founder Parliament in the aftermath of 27 May Coup and approved by the public, 1961 Constitution has always been of concern in political and social agenda. Although it was prepared in an anti-democratic atmosphere, it has a libertarian and pro-freedom content, which makes 1961 Constitution different from other constitutional texts. This characteristic of constitution brought about some criticism in the following years. The study analyzes the criticisms forwarded to 1961 Constitution, debates on this constitution and the amendments made throughout the years between 1969 and 1974 from a political and legal point of view. Having been amended for 7 times during these years, 1961 Constitution became quite different from the first main text. There were no considerable amendments during the single government of Adalet Party between 1965 and 1971, while the main difference was made after the 12 March 1971 Memorandum. It could be said that specifically the political and social issues faced by Turkey throughout the years between 1967 and 1971 played a significant role on these constitutional amendments. Turkish Armed Forces, who ensured that 1961 Constitution was prepared, made an intervention to Turkish policy through 12 March memorandum and played the most significant role in the amendment of 1961 Constitution to a great extent. It could be said that the constitutional amendments made after 1971 was specifically aimed at the protection of public order and establishment of national unity. In this context, the limitations to individual rights and freedom were identified. The study makes use of archival resources, official records, newspapers, memoirs and audit works (tetkik eser), and it is expected that the study will contribute to our political history and constitutional summation of knowledge.
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