Atıf Sayısı
22
Görüntüleme
718
İndirme
125
Sesli Dinleme
2
Anadolu Selçuklularının Sultan II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev’in 1247 yılında ölümüyle başlayan çöküş döneminde, özellikle de 13. yüzyılın 2. yarısında, daha önce Selçuklulara yardımcı olmak üzere sınır bölgelerine yerleştirilmiş olan Türkmenler, ülkenin belirli kesimlerindeki Moğol baskısı ve tahribine rağmen bağımsızlıklarını ilân etmeye başlamışlardır. Yazımızda Selçukluların çöküş evresinde ortaya çıkan ve yer yer 15. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar etkinlikleri bilinen onbir Beyliğin kültür yaşamına katkıları kısaca ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu Beylikler bu süreçte 1269 yapı inşa ettirmişlerdir. Bu eserlerden 627’si, kısaca yüzde 49’u, Osmanoğulları’na aittir. Osmanoğulları’nı 170 yapıyla Karamanoğulları izlemektedir. Yapı programının önde gelen kurucuları olan 60 melik 457 yapıya damgasını vurmuştur. Meliklerden Kadı Burhaneddin Ahmed’in yanısıra 5 Osmanoğlu, 3 Karamanoğlu, 3 Menteşeoğlu, 2 Aydınoğlu, 2 Eretnaoğlu, 1 Candaroğlu ve 1 Saruhanoğlu meliki kitabelerinde “sultan” unvanını kullanmışlardır. Melikleri saray ailesinin diğer üyeleri, başta vezirler ve emirler olmak üzere beylik erkânı, ordu mensupları, mülkî âmirler, eğitim çevresi üyeleri, din adamları, ahiler, tacirler ve konumu belirlenemeyen kişiler izlemiştir. Başta melik ailesinin üyeleri olmak üzere kadın kurucuların katkısı da vurgulanmalıdır. Yapı çeşitliliğine bakıldığında, kent yaşamının gerektirdiği her tür yapının inşa edilmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca birden çok yapıyı bünyesinde barındıran ve kent gelişimine önemli katkıları olan külliyeler de yapım etkinliğinde önemli bir yer tutar. Kitabelerde çeşitli ünleriyle dikkati çeken sanatçıların yanı sıra Vezir İvaz Paşa gibi dönemin önde gelen kişileri yapım yöneticisi olarak görev yapmışlardır. Yapılardaki taş, çini, ahşap ve yer yer de alçı süslemeciliğinde Selçuklu’dan miras alınan gelenekler dışında farklı teknikler, dağarcık ve renk zenginliği yansıtan örnekler karşımıza çıkar. El sanatları alanında da halıdan keramiğe, ahşaptan hat ve kitap sanatına kadar birçok dalda çarpıcı eserler ortaya konmuştur. Kurucuların diğer sanat ve bilim etkinliklerine de yabancı kalmadıkları, başta şairler olmak üzere sanatçıları ve bilim adamlarını koruyucu şemsiyeleri altına aldıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Şöyle ki, sarayında sık sık bilimsel tartışmaların yapıldığı toplantılar düzenleyen Eretna Bey, bu tartışmalara eşiyle birlikte katılırdı. Eretnaoğlu emirlerinden Hacı Şadgeldi Paşa ile oğlu Emir Ahmed de bilimle uğraşmışlar, ilim adamları ve sanatçıları korumuşlar, kendileri adına birçok eser yazılmıştır. Meliklerin, saray çevresinden bazı kişilerin ve din adamlarının sanatın çeşitli dalları ve bilimle doğrudan uğraştıkları da bilinmektedir. Bu kişiler arasında Osmanlı Beyliği’nin ilk şair meliki olan II. Murad, âlim kişilikleriyle tanınan Karamanoğlu meliki Musa Bey, Kadı Burhaneddin Ahmed ile fıkıh konusunda Hulviyat-ı Sultanî/Şahî adlı eseri bulunan Candaroğlu meliki İsmail Bey belirtilebilir. Ayrıca, İslâm hukuku üzerine önemli eserler kaleme almış Eretnaoğlu emirlerinden Hacı Şadgeldi ve birçok eseriyle tanıdığımız ünlü mutasavvıf Âşık Paşa, Aydınoğulları’ndan âlim ve müderris Tireli İbn Melek de kurucular arasında yer alırlar. Beylikler Dönemi, Osmanoğulları ile birlikte tüm Beyliklerin yalnızca mimaride değil, tüm süsleme sanatlarında da hem kısmen Selçuklu geleneklerinin taşıyıcılığını, hem de yeni özelliklerin uygulayıcılığını yapmalarıyla, Selçuklu Sanatı ile Klasik Osmanlı Sanatı arasında önemli ve uzun sayılabilecek bir geçiş süreci olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Fetihlerle ele geçirilen önemli merkezler, siyasal ve ekonomik gelişmenin yanı sıra hızlı ve geniş kapsamlı kentleşme olgusunun beraberinde getirdiği zengin ve canlı kültürel yaşam, mimari ve el sanatlarının yanı sıra sanatın diğer dalları ile bilim alanındaki etkinliklere de yansımıştır.
The Sultan of the Anatolian Selchukles II. During the period of collapse that began with the death of Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev in 1247, especially in the second half of the 13th century, the Turkmenists, who were previously placed in their border areas to help the Selchukles, began to declare their independence despite the Mongol pressure and destruction in certain parts of the country. In our article we briefly discussed the contributions to the cultural life of the twelve Men, which appeared in the phase of the collapse of the Selchucks and known for their activities until the second half of the 15th century. The building has been built by 1269 buildings. 627 of these works, shortly 49 percent, belong to the Son of Ottoman. They followed the sons of Osman with 170 buildings. The construction program’s leading founder, 60 melik 457 has struck its mark on the building. In addition to the female Burhaneddin Ahmed, 5 Osmanoğlu, 3 Karamanoğlu, 3 Menteşeoğlu, 2 Aydınoğlu, 2 Eretnaoğlu, 1 Candaroğlu and 1 Saruhanoğlu have used the title of "sultan" in their meliki books. They followed the other members of the palace family, primarily the worshippers and orders, the worshippers, the army members, the owners, the members of the educational environment, the religious men, the allies, the merchants and the people who did not determine their position. First of all, the contribution of women founders, including members of the family of Melik, should be emphasized. With regard to the construction diversity, it seems that all kinds of structures that urban life requires are built. In addition, cities that host several structures within and have significant contributions to the development of the city also hold an important place in the construction activity. In addition to the artists who attracted attention to their various renown in the books, the leading persons of the time, such as Vezir Ivaz Paşa, have served as the production manager. Stones, clay, wood and land in the structures are also present in the decoration of clay, in addition to the traditions inherited from Selçuklu, different techniques, mountains and examples that reflect the wealth of color. In the field of craftsmanship, there have also been spectacular works in many branches, from roof to ceramics, from wood to line and book art. It is clear that the founders are not strangers to other art and scientific events, and they take artists and scientists, primarily poets, under protective shadows. Thus, Mr. Eretna, who organized meetings in the palace where frequently scientific discussions were held, participated in these discussions with his wife. Those who had been given the command of Eretnaoğlu had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had had. It is also known that the angels, some people around the palace and religious men directly deal with the various branches of art and science. Among these persons, the first poet of the Ottoman Beaty was the Meliki II. In the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, “The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: In addition, important works on the Islamic law have been painted by Eretnaoğlu's orders by Hacı Şadgeldi and many of the works we know by the famous mutasavvıf Âşık Pasha, the Alim and Mederris Tireli Ibn Angel are among the founders. The Beylikes Period, together with the Osman Sons, comes to us as an important and long-lasting transition between the Selçuklu Art and the Classical Ottoman Art, with the portracy of the Selçuklu traditions and the implementation of new features, not only in the architecture, but also in all the decoration arts. The important centers captured by the conquests have also reflected the rich and vibrant cultural life, architecture and crafts, as well as other branches of art and activities in the field of science, accompanied by political and economic development as well as the rapid and extensive urbanization phenomenon.
At the eve of the Mongol invasion, the Turkmen immigrants were settled in the frontiers of the Seljuk Sultanate. Since Mongols were unsuccessful in controlling the frontiers, the Turkmen leaders established principalities in different regions of Anatolia following the death of Sultan Gıyas al-Din Kaikubad II in 1247 and during the decline of the Seljuks. The present study is an attempt to consider briefly the contribution of the eleven principalities to the cultural life of the period. The period extending from the late 13th century to the middle of the 15th century is distinguished by the construction of 1269 buildings. In the light of documents and sources besides epigraphical evidence, 627 of those were erected by the Ottomans, almost 49 percent of the entire building program. Moreover, 39 buildings were restored in this period. 60 meliks are known to have founded 457 edifices. Besides Kadi Burhan al-Din, five Ottoman, three Karamanid and three Menteshe, two Aydın and two Eretna, one Jandarid and one Saruhanid meliks were distinguished by the title “sultan” in their inscriptions. Not all Emirate patronage was the province of the meliks, however. Other members of the royal family besides the ruling class, the military officials, the governors, the leaders of the educational staff, religious leaders, akhis, merchants and persons with uncertain status were also responsible for the building activities. It is important to note that, women patrons also played a significant role by their contribution to the cultural milieu of the period. All the monuments besides the building complexes required for the urban life were constructed by the emirates. The large scale building programs in particular played a consequential role in the urban development of the period. Besides the artisans with distinct nisbas, the mutavallis (superintendents) belonging to the ruling class like Vizier Ivaz Pasha were responsible for the execution of the monuments. Different techniques and repertory animated with rich colours besides the tradition inherited from the Seljuks were employed on architectural decoration, mainly stone carvings, tile revetments and faience mosaics, painted decoration on wooden cornices, walls and ceilings besides stucco. The impressive artefacts from carpets to ceramics, the arts of calligraphy and books to objects made of wood or metal decorated with geometrical and floral compositions besides figural representations reflect the aesthetical taste of the period. The patrons were not unfamiliar to the scientific studies besides other artistic activities. The scientists and artists, namely poets, were under the patronage of the founders. Thus, Eretna Beg was arranging meetings with the scientists and discussions were carried on in his diwan in the presence of her wife. Emir Shadgeldi of the Eretna and his son Emir Ahmed were engaged in scientific studies and they were the true patrons of the scientists and artists. The renowned “poet” melik Murad II of the Ottomans, Musa Beg of the Karamanids, Kadı Burhan al-Din Ahmed and İsmail Beg of the Jandarids, besides the famed sufi Ashik Pasha and the savant Ibn Melek were amongst the founders. The Emirate period, a time of intensive artistic and scientific activities, displays a long and a distinguished transitional era between the Seljuks and the Classical Ottoman period. The architectural features and the works of decorative arts reflect the aesthetic taste and the lively cultural milieu of the principalities.
Alan : Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Hukuk; İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler; Spor Bilimleri
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
Makale Detay 
Atıf Yapanlar
Benzer Makaleler
PDF Görüntüle
Dergi Bilgisi
Eseri Dinleyin
Bu Sayfayı Yazdırın
Paylaş
Mendeley
