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Dil Etkileşimi ve Makedonya Türklerinin Yazı Dilinde Çekimsiz Fiiller Üzerine
2014
Journal:  
Turkish Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

19. yüzyılın sonları, Türk dilinin Balkan dilleri üzerine etkisinin en üst kerteye ulaştığı dönem olarak sayılabildiği gibi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun çöküşü nedeniyle bu zaman parçası, Türk dilinin etkisinin azalmaya başladığı zaman olarak da görülebilir. Bu dönemden sonra ters yönde bir etkinin başladığı, daha doğrusu birer Hint-Avrupa dili olan Balkan dillerinin, Balkan Türk ağızlarını etkilemeye başladığı söylenebilir. Türkçenin aleyhine işleyen bu etki, Balkan Türk ağızlarına, söz varlığından söz dizimine kadar birçok yabancı unsurun girmesine yol açmış ve neticede bu Türk ağızlarını Hint-Avrupa dillerinden olan Balkan dillerine yaklaştırırken, Türkiye Türkçesinden uzaklaştırmış ve tamiri zor olan sapmalara neden olmuştur. Böyle iki dillilik yada çok dillilik ortamı içinde gelişen Balkan Türk ağızlarında olagelen sapmalar, sadece konuşma dilinde kalmayıp yazı dilini de etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Türkçesi yazı dilinden her alanda farklılık gösteren Makedonya Türklerinin yazı dili ele alınmış ve dil etkileşiminin çekimsiz fiillerin kullanımında yarattığı değişmelere dikkat çekilmiştir. Bu amaçla, 1950-2003 yılları arasında Makedonya'nın başkenti olan Üsküp'te yayınlanan "Sevinç" dergisinin 648 sayısı taranmış ve Türkçede bulunmayan çok değişik cümle tiplerinin varolduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üç bölümden oluşan bu çalışmada, Makedonya Türklerinin yazı dilinde isim-fiillerin, sıfat-fiillerin ve zarf-fiillerin kullanılışları ele alınmış ve Makedonya Türklerinin, Makedonca, Arnavutça gibi Hint-Avrupa dillerinin etkisiyle, Türkçede fiil gruplarının sağladıkları ilişkileri başka kelime çeşitlerine yükleyerek, Türkçenin söz dizimine aykırı cümleler kurdukları görülmüştür. Taradığımız metinlerde, bazı cümle örneklerinde, fiilimsilerin kullanımdan düşmediği fakat bu kelime çeşitlerinin taşıdığı özelliklerin karıştırıldığı ve dolayısıyla cümlenin gerektirmediği yanlış fiilimsilerin kullanıldığı da dikkat çekmiştir. Mesela -dık/-duk ekli sıfat-fiiller bazan iyelik ve ad-durumu ekleri alarak adlaştıklarında adıl ve mastar niteliğinde kullanılırlar. Ad niteliği kazanarak kullanıldıkları cümlelerde türlü unsurların yerini tutarlar ve isim-fiiller gibi çekimli eylemlerin tamlayıcısı olurlar. İşte bu özelliklerinden dolayı Makedonya Türkleri bu sıfat-fiilleri, -ma, -me'li isim-fiillerin yerine kullanmışlardır. Makedonya Türklerinin yazı dilinde, fiilimsiler ile kurulan bazı tamlamalarda, tamlayan ve tamlanan unsurlar arasında ve genellikle fiilimsi ile cümlenin asıl fiili arasında uygunluk sağlanamadığından dolayı da belirli yanlışlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma esnasında fiilimsilerin kullanılışları ile ilgili karşılaşılan bu ve benzeri hatalar dışında, ses bilgisinden cümle bilgisine kadar her alanda birçok hatanın yapıldığı dikkat çekmiştir. Bu durum, Prof. Dr. Ahmet Günşen'in dediği gibi, Balkanlar coğrafyasında Türkçenin geleceği konusunda endişeye düşürmektedir. Kanımızca, Türklerin yazı dillerinin ele alınması ve Türkiye Türkçesi yazı dili ile karşılaştırmalı çalışmaların yapılması, suni yollarla birbirinden ayrılmış olan Türk yazı dillerinin ortak bir temelde birleştirilmesinde büyük önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords:

Linguistic Interaction and Makedonian Turkish Writing on Untouchable Facts
2014
Journal:  
Turkish Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

The end of the 19th century, as the period in which the influence of the Turkish language on the Balkan languages reached the highest level, this part of time, due to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, can also be seen as the time in which the influence of the Turkish language began to decrease. After this period, it can be said that when a reverse effect began, the Balkan languages, which are an Indian-European language, began to affect the Balkan Turkish mouths. This effect against the Turkish has led to the entrance of many foreign elements into the Balkan Turkish mouths, from the existence of the word to the dictionary, and has eventually brought these Turkish mouths closer to the Balkan languages, which are from the Indian-European languages, and has caused distinctions that have been removed from the Turkish and difficult to repair. The discrepancies in the Balkan Turkish mouth, which develops within such two or multiple languages, have not only remained in the speech language, but have also influenced the writing language. In this study, the Turkish Turkish text language, which differs in every field from the Turkish text language, has been addressed and the changes that the language interaction has created in the use of non-tractive facts have been noted. For this purpose, 648 numbers of the magazine "Sevic" published in the capital of Macedonia between 1950 and 2003 were scaned and found that there were very different types of sentences that were not in Turkish. In this three-sections study, the Macedonian Turkish in the written language discussed the use of names-files, shifts-files and cover-files, and with the influence of the Macedonian Turkish, Macedonian, Albanian, and Indian-European languages, the relations that the real groups in Turkish provide to other word varieties, they found that they set out phrases contrary to the word series of Turkish. In the texts we scan, in some phrase examples, it has also noted that the facts are not out of use but that the characteristics that these varieties of words carry are mixed and therefore the false facts that the phrase does not require are used. For instance, when they are used, they are used in the form of goodness and ad-situation, and when they are used, they are used in the form of name and mastar. In the words that they use by winning the ad character, they keep the place of various elements and become the completion of attractive actions such as names-fiels. This is because of these characteristics that the Macedonian Turks used these quarters, -ma, -me-named quarters instead. In the written language of the Macedonian Turks, certain errors have appeared in some complements established with the facts, between the completed and completed elements and often because there is no compatibility between the facts and the original facts of the phrase. In addition to these and similar errors in the use of faculties during this study, it was noted that many errors were made in every field, from voice knowledge to phrase knowledge. This is the case, Prof. Dr. As Ahmet Günşen said, the Balkans are concerned about the future of the Turkish in the geography. According to our blood, the dealing with the Turkish written languages and the making of comparative works with the Turkish written language are of great importance in the combination of the Turkish written languages, which are separated by artificial means, on a common basis.

Keywords:

Language Influences On Nonfinite Verbs In The Written Language Of Turks In Macedonia
2014
Journal:  
Turkish Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

The influence of the Turkish language on other languages in the Balkans reached its peek at the end of 19th century. At that time the Turkish Empire started to withdraw from this region. Consequently, the influence of the Turkish language on the regional languages started to decrease. After that, the language influence was present in the opposite direction. The Balkan languages, which belong to the European language group, started to influence the language of the Balkan Turks. Of course, this influence was not in favor of the Turkish language. The alterations in the morphology and syntax of the Turkish language in the Balkan were getting it closer to the European languages, but at the same time were causing differences from the standard Turkish language. These differences were not limited only to the colloquial language. They also appeared in the written language of Turks in the multilingual environment of the Balkans. In this paper we have treated and analyzed the written language of the Turks in Macedonia, which manifests differences from the standard Turkish language, in terms of differences in phonetics, morphology and syntax. More specifically, we have treated the influence of the Macedonian and Albanian language on nonfinite verbs in the written language of the Turks in Macedonia. The paper is comprised of three sections in which infinitives, particles, gerunds are treated. As a result of the language influences and of the insufficient knowledge of these word groups by the Turks in Macedonia, they are used incorrectly in their written language. The sentences in the written language of the Turks in Macedonia are similar to the European languages and are not in conformance with the standard Turkish language.

Keywords:

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Turkish Studies