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  Citation Number 29
 Views 85
 Downloands 35
Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamının Amerika Birleşik Devletlerindeki Kadın İstihdamı İle Karşılaştırılması
2013
Journal:  
Turkish Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

Günümüzde ekonomik ve toplumsal kalkınmaya doğrudan etkisi olan işsizlik ve istihdam, ülkelerin önemle üzerinde durmaları gereken bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu durumdan etkilenen en önemli kesimi muhakkak kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin büyük oranda devam ettiği günümüz toplumlarında refah seviyesinin yükseltilmesi ve kalkınmanın sürdürülebilmesi bakımından kadın istihdamı önem arz etmektedir. Günümüzde kadın istihdamının mevcut durumunun gelişmiş ya da gelişmekte olan diğer ülkelerle karşılaştırılarak ortaya konulması konuya ışık tutacak ve bu konuda izlenecek politikalara rehberlik yapacaktır. Bu karşılaştırmalar sonucunda ortaya çıkan benzerlikler ve farklılıklar değerlendirilerek Türkiye’de kadın istihdamına ilişkin daha somut değerlendirmeler yapılması sağlanabilecektir. Bu çalışma, istatistikî veriler çerçevesinde Türkiye’deki kadın istihdamının iş pazarı açısından gelişmiş bir ülke olan ABD’deki kadın istihdamına göre nerede bulunduğunu ve buna etki eden faktörlerin neler olduğunu belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma Türkiye istatistik kurumu veri tabanı ve Amerika birleşik devletleri işçi istatistikleri bürosu verileri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma genel olarak 2000 yılı ve sonrası verileri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak verilerin bulunmadığı durumlarda dönem daraltılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde temel istatistikler karşılaştırılarak iki ülke arasındaki farklar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. İstihdamın toplam iş gücüne oranı, meslek ve eğitim kırılımları gibi değişkenler ve iki ülke arasındaki farklar belirlenmiştir. İkinci bölümünde ise Regresyon ve Granger Nedensellik analizleri kullanılarak GSMH ile İstihdam değişkeni arasındaki ilişkinin ölçüsü ve yönü belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Amerika’nın sanayideki köklü geçmişinin etkisiyle kadın istihdamı ve sektör dağılımları Türkiye kadın istihdamı rakamlarına göre oldukça farklı bulunmuştur. Amerika’da 2000’li yıllardan bu yana kadın istihdamındaki gelişim %5 seviyesinde iken, Türkiye’de bu oran %25 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu farklılığın, Amerika’da kadın nüfusunun istihdama katılımının daha erken dönemlerde olmasından, Türkiye’de ise son yıllarda kadınların çalışma hayatına dâhil edilebilmesi için gösterilen çabalardan kaynaklandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca krizin istihdam üzerindeki etkisi sonucunda işsizlik oranlarının her iki ülkede de yükseldiği ve krizin bittiği dönemde bir toparlanma evresine girildiği bulunmuştur. İş gücüne katılım oranların bakıldığında ise; Amerika’daki katılım oranlarının %50’ler seviyesinde iken, bu oranın Türkiye’de %25’ler seviyesinde kaldığı, Amerika’da çalışan kadınların büyük çoğunluğunun yüksek eğitim gerektiren yönetimsel işlerde çalışırken, Türkiye’de çalışan kadınların daha çok balıkçılık veya zirai sektörlerde yoğunlaştıkları görülmüştür. Araştırmada elde edilen bir başka sonuç ise; ABD’de GSMH artışının, kadın istihdamında artışa neden olurken Türkiye’de her ikisinin bir birinin nedeni olduğu yönündedir.

Keywords:

Compare women’s employment in the United States with women’s employment in Turkey
2013
Journal:  
Turkish Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

Unemployment and employment, which have a direct impact on economic and social development today, have become a matter that countries must focus on. The most important part affected by this situation is women. Women’s employment is of great importance to the level of well-being and sustainable development in today’s societies where gender inequality continues largely. The present situation of women’s employment today will be revealed compared to other developed or developing countries and will guide the policies to be followed in this regard. The similarities and differences arising from these comparisons will be assessed and more concrete assessments on women’s employment in Turkey will be made. This study aims to determine where the employment of women in Turkey is based on the employment of women in the U.S., a developed country in terms of the business market, and what the factors affect it. The study was carried out using the database of the Turkish statistical institution and the U.S. Labour Statistics Office data. The study was generally done using data from 2000 and later. However, in cases where the data are not available, the time is reduced. In the first part of the study, the basic statistics were compared to the differences between the two countries. The proportion of employment to the total labour force, variables such as occupational and educational breakdowns and the differences between the two countries have been determined. In the second part, Regression and Granger Cause Analysis were used to determine the size and direction of the relationship between GSMH and Employment Variable. As a result, with the influence of America’s rooted history in the industry, women’s employment and sector distribution have been quite different from women’s employment figures in Turkey. The growth in women’s employment in the United States since the 2000s is at a level of 5%, while in Turkey this rate is at 25%. This difference has been achieved as a result of women’s participation in employment in America in the early periods, and in Turkey in recent years, the efforts made to allow women to be included in the work life. As a result of the impact of the crisis on employment, the unemployment rates have risen in both countries and have entered a recovery stage at the end of the crisis. While the participation rates in the labour force are at the level of 50%, this rate remains at the level of 25% in Turkey, the majority of women working in the United States are working in administrative jobs that require high education, the women working in Turkey are more concentrated in the fishing or fisheries sectors. Another outcome from the study is that the increase in GSMH in the U.S. causes the increase in women’s employment, while in Turkey it is the cause of one of both.

Keywords:

A Comparative Study On The Employment Of Women In Turkey and The Usa
2013
Journal:  
Turkish Studies
Author:  
Abstract:

Having a profound effect on economic and social development of the countries, unemployment and employment are the most important issues that require special attention. It is apparent that women are the ones affected by this issue most. Thus, they should be employed in order to increase the level of welfare and sustain development in the countries that gender inequality is a great problem. A comparative study on the employment of women in developed or developing countries will shed light on the topic and contribute to the production of policies. Differences and similarities, found out in the study, have been analysed so as to provide the reader with an objective evaluation regarding the employment of women in Turkey. This study aims at exploring the condition of the employment of women in Turkey by considering the same situation in the USA, and figuring out the elements that affect the problem by means of statistical data. The study has been conducted by using the Turkish Statistical Institute data base and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The study focuses on the data obtained in 2000 and afterwards. However, the period has been limited when data have not been found. In the first part of the study, basic statistical data are compared and contrasted to find out the differences between the two countries. The ratio of employment to total labour power, such variables as profession and education refraction and the differences between the two countries have been defined. The seond part of the study attempts to find out the level and direction between Gross National Product and the employment variable by means of the Regression and Granger Causalty analyses. Consequently, due to America’s long-established power in industry, the figures concerning the employment of women and sectoral allocation have been quite different compared to Turkey’s figures of the employment of women. Whilst the level of the employment of women was %5 in America, this ratio was %25 in Turkey in the 2000s. It has been found out that this difference is due to the fact that women have been employed earlier in America, while there are some efforts, made in order to enable women to start to work in Turkey in recent years. Further to this, it has been detected that the level of the unemployment has increased in both countries because of the crises, and when the crises are over, considerable progress has been made. It has also been found out that, the laboor force participation rate of women is %50 in America, while it is %25 in Turkey. Most of the women hold administrative positions in America which require high level of education, while women in Turkey work in fishery and agricultural sector. Another finding of the study is that; the increase in Gross National Product in the USA leads to the increase in the level of the employment of women, while both of them influence each other in Turkey.

Keywords:

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Field :   Eğitim Bilimleri; Filoloji; Güzel Sanatlar; Hukuk; İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler; Spor Bilimleri

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Turkish Studies