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İslam Devletleri’nin yabancı tüccarlara eman vererek tanımış olduğu korunma imtiyazları, Osmanlı döneminde dünya ticaret hacminin genişlemesiyle farklı bir boyuta taşındı. Osmanlı Devlet adamlarının yabancı tüccar ve devlet görevlilerine sağlamış olduğu sosyal, ticari ve hukuki imtiyazlar, zamanla satılır ve devredilir hale geldi. 18. Yüzyıldan itibaren ciddi değişikliğe uğrayan kapitülasyonlar vasıtasıyla, devletin tanımladığı resmi beratlılar ve hizmetindekiler haricindeki farklı kişi ve gruplar da ahidnâmelerin tanımış olduğu tüm imtiyazları ele geçirebildi. 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı topraklarında yükselmeye başlayan milliyetçi isyanlar ve kopuşlar, bu vasıta ile yabancı devletlerin Osmanlı gayrimüslim tebaası üzerindeki art niyetli emellerini iyice açığa çıkardı. Bu yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Osmanlı yöneticilerinin ticari kaygılarla dağıttıkları imtiyazların, iltica gibi tehlikeli bir siyasi silah haline getirildiğinin farkına vardılar. Avrupalılar, Osmanlı ticari ve mali yapısını baltalayıp bu sınırlarda kendilerine bağlı gruplar da meydana getirmenin ve devleti parçalamanın kesin bir yolunu bulmuş oldu. Neticede Devlet, kendi sınırları içerisinde başka devletlerin pasaportlarına mensup binlerce kişiyle karşı karşıya geldi.
The protection privileges that Islamic states accepted by giving eman that means offering life and property protection for foreigners reached a different importance with the expansion of world trade capacity in the period of the Ottoman State. Social, commercial and legal privileges that the Ottoman statesmen provided to foreign merchant and government officers in time. Thanks to the capitulations changing from the 18th century, different persons and groups, except for legally recognised the Beratlı, could obtain all the privileges that the alliance acknowledged. The nationalist revolts and disunities starting to increase in Ottoman territories in 19th. Century revealed evil-minded interests of foreign states on Ottoman non-Muslim citizens. They realized the privileges that Ottoman headmen distributed due to their commerial concerns had turned into a dangerous political weapon like asylum until the end of this century. The Europeans found the definite way to compose the groups that adhered to themselves and destroy the state by deteriorating the Ottoman commercial and financial structure. As a result of this, the state encountered with thousands of people who have passports belonging to different states within their own territory.
The protection privileges that Islamic states accepted by giving eman that means offering life and property protection for foreigners reached a different importance with the expanding of world trade capacity in the period of Ottoman State. Social, commercial and legal privileges that the Ottoman statesmen provided to foreign merchant and government officers in time. Thanks to the capitulations changing from 18. century, different persons and groups, except for legally recognised the Beratlı, could obtain all the privileges that the ahidname acknowleged. The nationalist revolts and disunities starting to increase in Ottoman territories in 19th. century revealed evil-minded interests of foreign states on Ottoman nonmuslim citizens. They realized the privileges that Ottoman headmen distributed due to their commerial concerns had turned into a dangerous political weapon like asylum until the end of this century. The Europeans found the definite way to compose the groups that adhered to themselves and distrupt the state by deteriorating Ottoman commercial and financial structure. As a result of this, the state encountered with thousands of people that have passports belonging to different states within their own territory.
Field : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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