Özet:

The Abrahamic tradition that the Arabs value most was ḥajj. The Hajj, which means to visit Ka'ba was the greatest means of getting closer to Allah. The Ka’ba was the house of Allah. And the visitors of the Ka’ba were Allāh’s guests. For this reason, the Arabs used to great respect to the visitors and they never used to attack a man in the ḥarem (the area around the Kaʿba). The same respect included visitors' travels to the Kaʿba. There were two Abrahamic traditions that undermined the safety of visitors and sacrifices: Ḥaram months and kalāid. Three months were Dhū l-Qaʿdah, Dhū l-Hijjah, Muḥarram and Rajab. And the Arabs did not use to attack anyone in those months. For visits outside the ḥaram months, the visitors used to use the kalāid as a primitive visa. Qalāid is the plural of the word Qalāda, meaning necklace. The Arabs, who saw the Kadhadas, used to understand that the person who wore the Kadhada wanted to go to the Ka'ba or had returned home from the Ka'ba. Qilādas used to be knitted from wool ropes and they used to be hung on animals' neck or humps. Sometimes horseshoes used to hang on these puppets. On the way back from Kaʿba, the barks of the ḥarem trees used to hang on the chauladas instead of the horseshoes. The Qur'an orders Muslims not to disrespect the Qadadas. This order also reveals that the Qur'an recognizes the cathada tradition. Allāh's Apostle (sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam) and Shuḥāba are also known to continue this tradition. Summary: Ḥajj was the most important worship of the Arabs in the pre-Islamic period. Human and commodity mobility in the ḥajj had an important place in the life of the Meccans who lived in land unfit for agriculture. This fact is expressed as follows in Abraham’s (Ibrahīm al-Khalīl) prayer: “Our Lord! The Lo! I have settled some of my posterity in an uncultivable valley near to Thy holy house, our Lord! That they may establish their own worship; that they may incline some of the hearts of men, that they may wrap toward them, and provide them with fruit, so that they may be grateful. (Ibrahim 14:37) The Arabs who lived in various parts of the Arab Peninsula used to come to Mecca during the Hajj season and present their sacrifices. They also used to buy their needs from nearby markets. These markets were also places where traders had the opportunity to sell their products. Because the Arab Peninsula is unfavorable in terms of climate and soil, many Arab tribes used to raid and attack other tribes to sustain their existence. It is even known that some Arabs are proud of their raids. The attacks only used to stop in the ḥaram months (Dhū l-Qaʿdah, Dhū l-Ḥijjah, Muḥarram and Rajab). Because of the prohibition of fighting in the ḥaram months, the visitors used to visit the Kaʿba with confidence. Thanks to this truce, the trade goods carried by visitors used to reach to Maca with confidence. It was possible that the visits outside of the ḥaram months were safe. However, it was necessary to follow some traditions in order to this confidence. Visitors to the Kaʿba used to use some signs that they were visitors to the Kaʿba. One of these signs was the necklace hanging on the neck or hump of the animal. The person wearing a calda was Allah's guest, and his sacrifice was the property of Allah. For this reason, no Arab would dare to attack these visitors and property. Because of the Arab reverence for the Ka’ba, visitors wearing shadows used to come to the Ka’ba and present their sacrifices throughout the year. The sacrifices had an important place in the life of the poor. Qilādas were mostly used for visits outside the ḥaram months. They used to hang on the necks of the animals shipped to the Ka’ba as a sacrifice. However, it is also known that shakes are sometimes hung on hump. People who did not deliver sacrifices (animals) to the Ka’ba used to hang the ka’da his neck to show that he was a visitor to the Ka’ba. Similarly, it is known that people who sacrificed their animals on the Ka’ba hang the shark their neck on the way back. The shells fitted on the way to the Ka'ba were made of ropes spun from wool or hair. Sometimes horseshoes used to hang on these puppets. Ḥarem plants (grass, tree bark) used to use in the chair on the way back. The Qur'an orders Muslims not to disrespect the Qadadas. This order also reveals that the Qur'an recognizes the cathada tradition. “Those who believe violate not the holiness of the symbols of Allah, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor of the calaids, nor of the people recurring to the sacred house, seeking the reward and good pleasure of their Lord.” Allah made the Ka’ba, the sacred house, an asylum of security of men as well as the sacred months, the animals for sacrifices, and the calaiid. (Al-Mā`idah 5:97) Considering the practices of the Kuldada, it is understood that Kuldada are a kind of visa. It is understood that all practices related to the visit to the Kaʿba, especially the ḥajj, have a purpose to satisfy the material-spiritual needs of those who come there for the purpose of visiting and trading, as well as those who reside in the Kaʿba. Therefore, it will not be far away to say that it can be used today for the same purpose. For example, labels, banderols, visas and passports can be used instead of ropes, horseshoes and plants. On the other hand, the meaning of the āyāt (verse) in which the word kalāid is mentioned is not limited to the Arabs. The same āyāt declare that qabaladas are a development (qiyām) instrument for people. Therefore, the calda has a meaning potential beyond the 7th century and the inhabitants of this century.

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