Abstract:

Abstract: In Islamic inheritance law, although in different ratios, the shares of male and female siblings are already determined. The testator has no right to deprive the inheritors of inheritance. However, in today’s Islamic countries, it is well known that some testators deprive the inheritors of inheritance fully or partially through various ways such as donation, last will, and fictitious. Last will, as a legal term, means that a person transfers his\her property complimentarily to person\persons who have the right to inherit originally or legally, provided that it is valid after death. In Islamic law, principally, making a last will to foreigners is regarded as a legitimate act. However, today, as it was in the past, the right of last will is being misused in causing harm to the inheritors and depriving them of the inheritance. For this reason, in Islamic law, there have been taken some precautions to prevent any possible misuse of the last will right in order to protect the rights of the inheritors and third persons. These precautions are as follow: (1) The last will that is made (to a foreigner) is restricted to one third of the total amount; (2) It is prohibited to make last will to the inheritors; (3) There have been laid down some formal conditions for proving a last will; (4) It is prohibited to make a last will (to foreigners) with the intention of harming the inheritors, even if it is one third and less than one third. Summary: In Islamic inheritance law, although in different ratios, the shares of male and female siblings are already determined. The testator has no right to deprive the inheritors of inheritance. However, in today’s Islamic countries, it is well known that some testators deprive the inheritors of inheritance fully or partially through various ways such as donation, last will and fictitious. Therefore, some precautions have been taken in Islamic law in order to protect the right of the inheritors to inheritance. One of these precautions is to impose some restrictions on the legal acts of the testator who has an intention of depriving his\her inheritors fully or partially of the inheritance, misusing his\her right oflast will. The last will, as a legal term, means that a person transfers his\her property complimentarily to person\persons who have the right to the inheritance originally or legally, provided that it is valid after death. The last will is a legal procedure which is regarded as legitimate in all societies and legal systems. All legal systems that accept the legitimacy of the last will set out some regulations and restrictions on the use of the last will to protect the rights of individuals and public order. In Islamic law, the last will is also regarded as a legitimate regulation in order to meet people's earthly needs and to be a means of solidarity and getting reward in hereafter. However, in today's Islamic countries, the right of last will is being misused in causing harm to the inheritors and depriving them of the inheritance. In Islamic law, the precautions that have been taken to prevent any possible misuse of the last will right in order to protect the rights of the inheritors and third persons are as follow: The last will that is made (to a foreigner) is restricted to one third of the total amount The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) visited Sa'd b. Abu Vakkas due to his illness in the year in which the Last Pilgrimage was being performed. Sa'd b. Abu Vakkas had no children other than a daughter. That is why he told the Prophet that he wanted to make a last will according to which the two third of his property shall be given to the foreigners. Thereupon, the Prophet Muhammad told him that he could only give one third of his property maximum. The Prophet Muhammad explained the reason why as follows: “It is better to leave your inheritors as wealthy than to leave them as needy people.” (Bukhāri, “Wasāyā” 2, 3; Muslim, “Wasāyā”, 5 (nr. 1628); Muwatta, “Wasiyyāt”, 3; Tirmīzī, “Wasāyā”, 1, Abū Dāvūd, “Wasāyā”, 2; Nasāī, “Wasāyā”, 3; Bayhakī, “Wasāyā”, 5.). The Muslim jurists who regard this event as a proof have arrived at the consensus that the Muslims can only give one third of their property to foreigners by means of the last willIt is prohibited to make last will to the inheritors The Prophet Muhammad said, "Allah surely gives every right. There is no will to inheritors.” The Muslim jurists who regard this saying as a proof have arrived at the consensus that the last will to inheritors cannot not be made.  There have been laid down some formal conditions for proving a last will Since a last will is a process that is upon death, there might be some disagreement between the inheritors and those who are a last will made to after the death of testator. For this reason, the last will shall be proven so that any possible dispute would be prevented. In the classical Islamic Law, it is emphasized that the last will should be oral, written or by any means of signs that might express oneself well, and the last will shall be made in the presence of the witnesses as a matter of principle. However, in my opinion, following the verses that require the last will to be made before the witnesses, placing the last will on record through an official procedure is much more suitable in regard to the purpose of the Shari’ and the spirit of Islam. Indeed, in the Islamic countries, the Family Law Codes are subject to the legal dispute that a case cannot be open if a last will is not been made in accordance with the law. It is prohibited to make a last will (to foreigners) with the intention of harming the inheritors, even if it is one third and less than one third. In Islamic law, the last will made to foreigners is limited to one third of the property of the testator. Nevertheless, still there is a possibility of misusing this right against the inheritors with the intention of depriving them of the inheritance even if it is one third and less than one third.  However, the verse which lay down the condition "the will made without harming the inheritors" indicates that the last will is legitimate only with the intention of not harming the inheritors, even if it is less than one third. Therefore, the last will made to foreigners with the intention of harming the inheritors, as it is contrary to the purpose of the law maker (Shari), can be restricted by the public authority. No doubt, the most important of the above-mentioned precautions is to restrict a testator's right of the last will to one third of the property when it is a foreigner to whom he is willing to give from his property, and the remaining two third is left to the inheritors. That is why in Islamic law, this two-third share, which is legally guaranteed and will be passed on to the inheritors, is called "reserved share". In principle, except for some exceptions, the testator has no authority to give from the "reserved share." Although in Islamic law, theoretically, the two-third share called "reserved share" is legally secured, nowadays, the testators are misusing their right of the last will. Therefore, the question “is it possible for the public authority, in Islamic law, to restrict a person’s essentially legitimate right of making last will in a case of misuse?” is quite important concerning our subject matter.  It has been accepted as a basic principle that the acts in the category of "mubah" in Islamic law are to be taken without violating the rights of others and harming the public. Accordingly, it is possible for the public authority to restrict the acts that are taken in contradiction to the purpose of Shari and the interest of others. From this point of view, the use of the right of the last will in Islamic law is not absolute and unrestricted. Therefore, in the case of harming to the inheritors, it is possible that the right to be restricted by the public authority. As a result, the last will right, in Islamic law, is restricted in four different ways in favour of the inheritors as briefly summarized above.

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