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  Citation Number 1
 Views 78
 Downloands 23
CISG Uyarınca Alıcı ve Satıcının Sorumluluktan Kurtulması ve Türk Borçlar Hukuku ile Karşılaştırılması
2019
Journal:  
Public and Private International Law Bulletin
Author:  
Abstract:

Bu çalışmada, Milletlerarası Mal Satımına İlişkin Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması (CISG) uyarınca alıcı ve satıcının sorumluluktan kurtulması rejimi, 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu hükümleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Milletlerarası ticareti geliştirmek ve özel hukuku yeknesaklaştırmak amacıyla yürürlüğe giren bu Antlaşma, yabancılık unsuru taşıyan milletlerarası taşınır mal satışları bakımından iç hukukumuzun bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Her ne kadar Antlaşma ile yeknesak bir satım hukuku oluşturulmaya çalışılmış olsa da metin, Türk Borçlar Kanunundan farklı bir ifa engelleri ve sorumluluk sistematiği benimsemiştir. Buradan hareketle, CISG, Türk-İsviçre Borçlar Hukuku öğretisinden farklı, her türlü borca aykırılık halini içine alan genel bir sözleşmeye aykırılık çatısı oluşturmuştur. Buna ek olarak, CISG, ifa engelleri sisteminde ise, kusura dayanmayan ve kusurdan bağımsız bir sorumluluk rejiminin esas alınmış olduğu görülmektedir. Adeta bir garanti sorumluluğunu andıran bu rejimin katlanılmaz durumların önüne geçilmesi amacıyla belli ölçüde sınırlandırılması gereksinimi, çalışmamızın da esas konusunu oluşturan, Antlaşmanın 79 ve 80. maddelerinde kendini göstermektedir. Madde 79 taraflar açısından temel bir sorumluluktan kurtulma rejimi yaratmaktadır. Alıcı ve satıcı bakımından ortak etkileri olan CISG m. 79, taraflardan birinin yükümlülüklerini ifa etmemesinin denetimi dışında kalan, öngörülmez ve kaçınılmaz bir engelden kaynaklandığının ispat edilmesi halinde tazminat sorumluluğunun ortadan kalkacağını düzenlemektedir. Madde 79’un önem arz ettiği an ise edim hasarının satıcıda olduğu dönemdir. İlgili hüküm çerçevesinde tartışmalı olan ve çalışmamızda da üzerinde durulacak olan bir diğer husus ise satıcının hangi tür borca aykırılık hallerinde sorumluluktan kurtulabileceğinin hükümde açıkça ifade edilmemiş olmasıdır. Sözleşmenin hiç ifa edilmemesi veya ayıplı ifa arasındaki farklar bu kapsamda incelenecektir. Son olarak belirtmek gerekir ki, madde 79, ancak tarafların kendi aralarında sözleşmesel risk dağılımına ilişkin bir düzeleme yapmamaları halinde uygulanabilecektir. CISG m. 80’de ise borçlunun yükümlülüklerini ifa etmemesinin alacaklının bir davranışından kaynaklanması halinde, alacaklı tarafından borçlunun sözleşmeye aykırı davrandığını ileri süremeyeceği hususu düzenlenmiştir. Madde 79’dan farklı olarak, Madde 80 kapsamında borçlu yalnızca tazminat sorumluluğundan değil, bütün sorumluluklarından kurtulacaktır. 

Keywords:

CISG warns the Buyer and Seller's discharge from liability and comparison with the Turkish Debt Law
2019
Author:  
Abstract:

This article comparatively examines the buyer’s and seller’s exemption from liability under the 6098 numbered Turkish Code of Obligations and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The Agreement has become a part of our legal system regarding the international sales of movable property containing an element of foreignness. It may be observed that the text of the Agreement has adopted a different approach towards the breach of contract and liability systematically. Therefore, CISG has created a general frame as to what constitutes a breach of contract. Additionally, CISG has adopted a liability system that is detached from the concept of negligence. In other words, it could be said that the Agreement almost presents a regime that is similar to a guaranteed liability. For this regard, the need to limit this liability regime in order to prevent unbearable situations has led to the adoption of Articles 79 and 80. Article 79, which has similar effects for both sellers and buyers, puts forward that both parties are not liable for a failure to fulfill any of their obligations if they prove that the failure was due to an impediment beyond their control and that they could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it, or its consequences. Article 79 could only be invoked during the period where the damage is on the sellers. Another important yet controversial aspect which is also important in terms of our study is that Article 79 does not explicitly state the type of breach that would lead to an exemption from the seller’s liability. Therefore, the difference between the non-performance and the defective performance will be analyzed within this framework. Lastly, Article 79 could only be applicable in the event where the parties did not agree on a specific contractual risk allocation. Article 80 puts forward that a party may not rely on another party’s failure to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party’s act or omission. Unlike Article 79, according to Article 80, the obligator shall be exempt from all of his liabilities.

Keywords:

The Buyer’s and Seller’s Exclusion From Liability Under The Cisg and Its Comparision With The Turkish Law Of Obligations
2019
Author:  
Abstract:

This article comparatively examines the buyer’s and seller’s exemption from liability under the 6098 numbered Turkish Code of Obligations and The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The Agreement has become a part of our legal system regarding the international sales of movable property containing an element of foreignness. It may be observed that the text of the Agreement has adopted a different approach towards the breach of contract and liability systematic. Therefore, CISG has created a general frame as to what constitutes a breach of contract. Additionally, CISG has adopted a liability system that is detached from the concept of negligence. In other words, it could be said that the Agreement almost presents a regime that is similar to a guaranteed liability. For this regard, the need to limit this liability regime in order to prevent unbearable situations, has led to the adoption of Articles 79 and 80. Article 79, which has similar effects for both seller and buyer, puts forward that both parties are not liable for a failure to perform any of their obligations if they prove that the failure was due to an impediment beyond their control and that they could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it, or its consequences. Article 79 could only be invoked during the period where the damage is on the seller. Another important yet controversial aspect which is also important in terms of our study is that Article 79 does not explicitly state the type of the breach that would lead to an exemption from the seller’s liability. Therefore, the difference between the non-performance and the defective performance will be analyzed within this framework. Lastly, Article 79 could only be applicable in the event where the parties did not agree on a specific contractual risk allocation. Article 80 puts forward that a party may not rely on another party’s failure to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party’s act or omission. Unlike Article 79, according to Article 80, the obligor will be exempt from all of his liabilities. 

Keywords:

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Public and Private International Law Bulletin

Field :   Hukuk

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Article : 329
Cite : 525
Public and Private International Law Bulletin