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Araştırma ve geliştirme (Ar-Ge) her türlü bilgi birikiminin yeni uygulamalar tasarlamak için kullanılması amacıyla sistematik olarak yapılan çalışmaların tümüdür. İnsanoğlu yaşayan ve evrimleşen küresel süreci öğrenen, adapte olan, yenilikçi yaklaşımda bulunan ve ekonomik faaliyetleri de bu sürece dahil eden bir yapıya dönüştürmüştür. Bu durum makroekonomik hedefleri de emek yoğun üretim anlayışı yerine, teknoloji esaslı Ar-Ge ve inovasyona bağlı ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma hedefine kilitlemiştir. Böylece geleneksel sermaye ve işgücü üretiminin ötesinde “Ar-Ge’ye dayalı inovatif üretim sürecine” geçilmiştir. Ekonomi ve sanayi yapısını pozitif yönde etkileyen Ar-Ge’ye dayalı teknolojik gelişmelerin önemini kavrayan ülkelerde bilim-teknoloji politikaları bir sistem olarak ele alınmakta ve Ar-Ge'ye büyük önem verilmektedir. İnovasyon politikaları çerçevesinde gelişmiş ülkeler, Ar-Ge harcamalarını, Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinde istihdam ettikleri teknik eleman ve araştırmacı sayılarını her geçen gün artırarak birbirlerine karşı rekabet üstünlüklerini artırmayı amaçlamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada tüm dünyada günümüz uluslararası rekabet üstünlüğünün ve gelişmişliğin en önemli anahtarı olarak kabul edilen Ar-Ge verileri ele alınmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Türkiye'nin Ar-Ge harcamalarının gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH) içerisindeki oranı, sektörler bazında Ar-Ge harcamalarının dağılımı, finans kaynağına göre Ar-Ge harcamalarının dağılımı, Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinde istihdam edilen insan gücü sayısı, Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinde istihdam edilen işgücünün sektörel dağılımı gibi göstergeleri incelenmektedir. Ülkelerin teknolojik, sektörel, ekonomik yapıları ve gelişmişlik düzeyleri hakkında bilgi veren söz konusu Ar-Ge göstergeleri karşılaştırılarak Türkiye’nin AB ülkelerine göre yeri hakkında bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır.
Research and Development (R&D) is the whole of the work systematically carried out with the aim of using all kinds of knowledge to design new applications. The human being has transformed the living and evolving global process into a structure that learns, adapts, is in an innovative approach and includes economic activities in this process. This situation has also locked the macroeconomic objectives to the technology-based R&D and innovation-related economic growth and development objective instead of the work-intensive production concept. Thus, beyond the traditional capital and labour production, it was transitioned to the "R&D-based innovative production process". In countries that understand the importance of R&D-based technological developments that have a positive impact on the economy and industrial structure, science and technology policies are considered as a system and R&D is given great importance. In the framework of the innovation policies, developed countries aim to increase their R&D spending, the number of technical and researchers employed in R&D activities every day, increasing their competitive advantages against each other. This study deals with R&D data considered the key to today’s international competitive superiority and development throughout the world. The proportion of the R&D expenditure of the European Union (EU) and Turkey in the non-clear domestic income (GDP), the distribution of R&D expenditure on the basis of sectors, the distribution of R&D expenditure according to the financial source, the number of people employed in R&D activities, and the industrial distribution of the workforce employed in R&D activities. Comparing the relevant R&D indicators that provide information about the country’s technological, industrial, economic structures and development levels, a assessment of the place of Turkey according to the EU countries is made.
Research and development (R & D) is; whole of the studies that carried out systematically in order to use all kinds of knowledge to design new applications. Mankind has transformed the living and evolving, learning the global process, adapting, present an innovative approach and incorporating economic activities into this process. This situation has locked the macroeconomic targets to the target of economic growth and development based on technology based R&D and innovation instead of labor intensive production approach. Thus, beyond the traditional capital and labor production, an innovative production process based on R&D was supplanted. In countries which understand the importance of R&D based technological developments that positively affect the economy and industrial structure, science-technology policies are considered as a system and great importance is given to R&D. Developed countries,within the framework of innovation policies, aim to increase their competitive advantages against each other by increasing the number of technical staff and researchers they employ in R&D activities. In this study, R&D data is adressed which are accepted as the most important key of today's international competitive advantage and development all over the world. R&D expenditures rate within the gross domestic product (GDP), distribution of R&D expenditures by sectors, distribution of R&D expenditures by finance source,number of manpower employed in R&D activities, the indicators such as the sectoral distribution of the labor force employed in R&D activities are examined for European Union (EU) and Turkey. Comparing these R&D indicators with the technological, sectoral, economic structures and development levels of the countries, an assessment is made about the place of Turkey as per to EU countries.
Dergi Türü : Uluslararası
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