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İBN HALDUN’DA İSYAN OLGUSU
2020
Journal:  
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

Toplumsal hareketler içerisinde değerlendirilen isyanlar, ortaya çıkışları, meydana gelişleri esnasında büyük kitlelerin hareketliliği ve toplumların yapılarında meydana getirdikleri köklü değişimler gibi unsurlar nedeniyle toplum bilimleriyle ilgilenen bilim insanlarının dikkatini çekmiştir. İsyanlar, ortaya çıkışları esnasında kitleleri bir araya getirecek ve hareket etmelerini sağlayacak ortak ve güçlü ideallere ihtiyaç duyarlar. Ortak ideal birliği, isyan eden topluluğun gerektiğinde ölümü göze alacağı coşkulu bir toplum psikolojisi ortaya çıkarır. İsyan eden topluluğu siyasi otoriteye karşı gelme ve çatışma noktasına getiren bu şuurun ortaya çıkışı kendi içerisinde farklı toplumsal psikolojik unsurları barındırır. Yine isyanların ortaya çıkışları esnasında küçük veya büyük kitlelerin hareketliliği, oluşturdukları kalabalık ve kolektif hareket etme kabiliyetleri de dikkat çeken bir yön olup geleneksel ve modern dönemlerde bakışlarını topluma çevirmiş olanlar için ilginç görünmüştür. Kalabalıkların devasa hareketliliği ve ortaya çıkan şiddet, insanlarda şaşkınlık ve hayret uyandırırken bir yandan da korku ve endişeye sebep olduğu görülmektedir. Bunların ötesinde başarılı olsa da olmasa da isyan sonrasında toplumda meydana gelen değişimler toplumun yeniden yapılanması sonucunu doğurmakla beraber farklı toplumsal durumların ortaya çıkmasını ve öncesine dönülemeyecek bir sürecin başlaması neticesini ortaya çıkarır. Başarılı olan isyanlar, toplumsal değişim açısından önemli faktörlerden biri olarak görülür. Hatta öyle bir noktaya gelir ki toplumun temel yapısını tamamen değiştiren devrimlere bile yol açabilir. Bu bağlamda diyebiliriz ki her devrim içerisinde başarılı bir isyanı barındırır. Başarısız isyanlar büyük katliamlara, sürgünlere ve toplumsal çöküşlere yol açabilir. Bu durumda da toplum daha önce var olan dengesini kaybeder ve yeni yapılanma süreçleri arayışlarına başlar. İsyan edip başarısız olan topluluk için de siyasi otoriteyi elinde bulunduran ve isyanı bastıran topluluk için de hiçbir şey eskisi gibi olmaz. Toplumsal hareketlerin bir alt bölümü olan dini toplumsal hareketler meydana gelişlerindeki ortak ideal yönüyle diğer toplumsal hareketlerden ayrılır. Dini toplumsal hareketlerde toplulukları harekete geçiren temel unsur, kutsaldan aldıkları ilhamdır. Dini toplumsal hareketlerin kut sal ile olan bağı onu daha coşkulu bir duruma sokar. İbadet duygusuyla başlayan harekete kitle psikolojisinin ortaya çıkardığı durumda eklenince kendini davasına adamış topluluklar ortaya çıkar ki toplumsal hareketler içerisindeki en üst duygusal yoğunluğun yaşandığı hareketler bunlardır. Aynı şekilde dini isyanlar da bu duygu ve düşünceyle meydana gelen toplumsal hareketler olup adanmış kitlelerin siyasi otoriteyi şiddet kullanarak yıkma ve yerine kendi dini ideallerine uygun siyasi otorite kurma mücadelesidir. Bu mücadele esnasında toplumu isyana sevk eden bir lider bulunur. Bu lider otoritesini dinden alır ve bu yönüyle karizmatik dini lider olarak isimlendirilir. İbn Haldun, tarihte meydana gelmiş ve yaşadığı dönemde ortaya çıkmış toplumsal olaylara o güne kadar hiçbir ilim insanının bakmadığı perspektiften yaklaşmış olguları olaylardan ayırarak günümüz sosyoloji biliminin kullandığı metodu kullanmıştır. O, bu yönüyle pek çok bilim insanı tarafından sosyolojinin kurucularından veya ilk temsilcilerinden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Kendisi de Mukaddime adlı eserinde tarihi olayları o güne kadar görülmemiş bir usulle ele aldığını söylemiş ve bunun o güne kadar adı konulmamış yeni bir bilim dalı olduğunu söylemiştir. O, bulduğu bu yeni ilme İlmi Umran ismini vermiştir. Mukaddimede ayrıntısını verdiği bu ilmin bugünkü sosyoloji ilmiyle pek çok alanda örtüşüyor olması ona ilk sosyolog unvanını verenleri nispeten haklı çıkarmaktadır. Bu ilk sosyoloğun toplumsal değişimler açısından önemli fonksiyonlar yerine getiren toplumsal hareketlere özelde de isyan hareketlerine bakışının ve değerlendirmesinin ne olduğunun incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. İbn Haldun, yaşadığı dönemde eserler ortaya koyan, öğrenciler yetiştiren ve kadılık yapan bir bilim adamı ve teorisyen olmakla beraber aynı zamanda devlet işlerinde görev alan, danışmanlık yapan, siyasi konularda gerektiğinde roller üstlenen aksiyoner bir kişiliktir de. Hayatı boyunca pek isyan görmüş, devlet adamlarının nasıl öldürüldüğüne ve devletlerin yıkıldığına şahit olmuş olan İbn Haldun, gerektiğinde isyanları organize etme ve siyasi yapıları şekillendirme konusunda da geri durmamıştır. Bunu yanında o, Mukaddime’de teorik olarak isyanları ortaya çıkaran nedenleri ortaya koymuş, bedevi ve hadari toplulukların bu konuda oynadığı rolleri tespit etmiştir.

Keywords:

The Islamic State in Ibn Haldun
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

The rebellioons evaluated in social movements have attracted the attention of scientists who are interested in social sciences due to elements such as rebellions, appearances, the mobility of large masses during their events and the radical changes they make in the structures of communities. Rebellions need common and strong ideals that will bring the masses together and make them move during their appearances. The common ideal unity reveals an enthusiastic social psychology where the rebellion community will bear death when it is necessary. The appearance of this awareness that brings the rebellion community to the point of opposition to political authority and conflict contains different social psychological elements within itself. Again, during the emergence of rebellions, the mobility of small or large masses, the crowd and collective ability they form, was an attractive aspect and appeared to be interesting for those who have turned their views into society in traditional and modern times. The enormous mobility of the crowds and the emerging violence appear to cause confusion and surprise in people, while on the one hand it causes fear and anxiety. Even if not successfully beyond this, the changes that occur in society after the rebellion result in the rebuilding of society and the result of the emergence of different social situations and the beginning of a process that cannot be reversed. Successful rebellions are seen as one of the important factors in terms of social change. It even comes to a point that can even lead to revolutions that completely change the basic structure of society. In this context, we can say that in every revolution there is a successful rebellion. Failed rebellions can lead to massacres, deportations and social collapse. In this case, the society loses the balance that has existed before and begins the search for new processes of construction. For the community that is rebelled and failed, and for the community that holds political authority and oppresses the rebellion, nothing is the same as before. Religious social movements, which are a subpart of social movements, are separated from other social movements by the common ideal in their developments. The fundamental element that moves communities in religious social movements is the inspiration they receive from the holy. The bond of religious social movements with the blessing makes it more enthusiastic. When the movement begins with the feeling of worship is added to the situation in which the mass psychology reveals itself to the case, the communities that dedicate themselves to the case reveal that these are the movements in which the highest emotional intensity in the social movements is experienced. Similarly, religious rebellions are social movements arising from this feeling and thought and the struggle of dedicated masses to violently destroy the political authority and instead to establish a political authority in accordance with their own religious ideals. During this struggle there is a leader who sends the society to rebellion. This leader takes his authority from religion and is named as a charismatic religious leader in this regard. Ibn Haldun approached the social events that occurred in history and occurred in the period in which he lived from a perspective that no scientist saw until that day; he used the method used by today's sociology science to separate the facts from events. It has been recognized by many scientists in this regard as one of the founders or first representatives of sociology. He also said in his work, Mukaddime, that he addressed historical events in a procedure that has not been seen until that day, and that it is a new branch of science that has not been named until that day. He gave him the name of the new knowledge that he found. The fact that this knowledge that he has given his details in the universe is combined with today’s sociology in many areas makes it relatively justified for those who give him the title of first sociologist. It is important that this first sociologist examine what the view and evaluation of the social movements, in particular of the rebellion movements, performing important functions in terms of social changes. Ibn Haldun is a scientist and theorist who works during his life, educates students and makes women, and is also an acting person who works in public affairs, advises and takes roles when necessary in political matters. Ibn Haldun, who has seen a lot of rebellion throughout his life, has witnessed how the state men were killed and the states were destroyed, has not stopped organizing the rebellions and shaping political structures when necessary. In addition, he has revealed the reasons that theoretically revealed the rebellions in Mukaddime, and has identified the roles that the bedevic and hadari communities play in this matter.

Keywords:

The Phenomenon Of Rebellion In Ibn Khaldun
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

The rebellions evaluated within social movements have attracted the attention of scientists interested in social sciences because of the factors such as the movement of large masses during their emergence and the profound changes they have made in the structures of societies. Rebellions need common and powerful ideals that will bring the masses together and enable them to act during their emergence. The union of common ideals reveals enthusiastic community psychology in which the rebellious community will risk death when necessary. The emergence of this awareness, which brings the rebellious community to the point of defiance and conflict with political authority, has in itself different social-psychological elements. The mobility of the small or large masses during the emergence of the riots, the capacity of the crowd, and the collective movement they formed were also a remarkable aspect and seemed interesting to those who had turned their eyes to society in the traditional and modern periods. The huge movement of the crowds and the resulting violence can be seen to cause fear and anxiety while awaken amazement in people. Beyond these, whether successful or not, the changes that occurred in the society after the rebellion lead to the restructuring of the society, but also to the emergence of different social situations and the beginning of a process that cannot be return. Successful rebellions are seen as one of the important factors in terms of social change. It even comes to a point where it can lead to revolutions that completely change the basic structure of society. In this context, we can say that every revolution contains a successful rebellion. Failed rebellions can lead to massive massacres, deportations and social collapse. In this case, the society loses its balance and begins to seek new processes of structuring. Nothing will ever be the same for the community that rebelled and failed, and for the community that held political authority and suppressed the revolt. Religious social movements, which are a subpart of social movements, are separated from other social movements by the common ideal aspect of their formation. The main factor that mobilizes communities in religious social movements is the inspiration they receive from the Holy. The connection of religious social movements with the Holy puts them in a more exuberant state. When mass psychology adds to the movement that begins with a sense of prayer, communities devoted to its cause emerge. these are the movements in which the highest emotional intensity is experienced within the social movements. In the same way, religious rebellions are social movements formed by this feeling and thought, and the struggle of the dedicated masses to violently subvert political authority and to replace it with political authority in accordance with their own religious ideals. During this conflict, there is a leader who leads the society to rebellion. This leader derives his authority from religion and is named as a charismatic religious leader in this aspect. Ibn Khaldun approached the social events that occurred in history and emerged during his life from a perspective that no other scholar had ever looked at; he used the method used by today’s sociology by separating the facts from the events. He has been regarded by many scholars as one of the founders or early representatives of sociology. In his book Mukaddime, he said that he dealt with historical events in a way that was not seen until that day, and that this was a new branch of science that had not been named until that day. This new knowledge he found has given the name Ilmi Umran. The fact that this perspective, which he elaborated in the Mukaddime, overlaps with today’s sociology in many fields makes it relatively justifiable to those who gave him the title of first sociologist. It is important to examine the first sociologist’s view and assessment of social movements that perform important functions in terms of social changes, especially the movements of rebellion. Ibn Khaldun is a scientist and theorist who reveals works, educates students and acts as a muslim judge, but is also an active personality who works in State Affairs, advises and takes roles in political matters when necessary. Ibn Khaldun, who had seen many revolts throughout his life and witnessed how statesmen were killed and states were destroyed, did not hold back in organizing revolts and shaping political structures when necessary. In addition, he identified the theoretical reasons that led to the riots in Mukaddime and identified the roles played by the bedouin and hadari communities in this regard. 

Keywords:

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Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Article : 251
Cite : 270
2023 Impact : 0.133
Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi