Abstract:

This study examines the re-ascension of populist extreme-right parties in Western Europe and explains why they have succeeded so much in recent years and the ideological foundations of this ascension. Based on the previous studies by Cas Mudde, the populist extreme right will be presented with both the minimum and maximum ideological characteristics. The minimum ideological definition defines the ideological spine of such parties and benefits from the advantage of transparency and privileges; it also carries the risk of excluding some parties, which are recognized by many researchers as members of the populist extreme right family. Maximum ideological definition creates a more comprehensive theorization. Although this identification carries the risk of making the boundaries more foolish; it reduces the possibility of potential exclusion. This will help you better serve the results of the research. In addition, the study, along with the theoretical approaches that explain the rise of the extreme right parties, will also refer to the topics that these parties focus on (foreign opposition, Islamophobia, immigration and EU doubt). This study examines the resurrection of populist far-right parties in Western Europe and explains the ideological components of why they have been so successful in the last decades. Based on Cas Mudde's previous studies, both the minimum and maximum ideological characteristics of the populist extreme right will be presented. The minimum ideological definition defines the ideological backbone of such parties; while benefiting from the advantage of openness and privilege, it also carries the risk of exclusion from certain parties accepted by many researchers as members of the populist extreme right family. The maximum ideological definition constitutes a more inclusive theorization: the risk of making the border lines more turbulent, but this reduces the likelihood of potential exclusion and thus serves the research results better. In addition, the theoretical approaches that explain the rise of right-wing parties and the themes (xenophobe, Islamophobia, immigration and EU skepticism) of these parties will be discussed.

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