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Bir 7./13. Yüzyıl Âliminin Gözünden Eğitim: Nevevî’nin Hoca ve Talebe Âdâbına Dair Görüşleri
2020
Journal:  
Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

İslâm ilim geleneğinin gelişim ve dönüşümünün anlaşılmasında ilmî hayatın işleyişini doğrudan ele alan ya da bu alana temas eden metinler son derece önemlidir. İslâmî ilimlerin teşekkül süreçlerini tamamlamalarından sonra sayıları artmaya başlayan bu türden telifâtın özellikle medreselerin ortaya çıkışıyla yeni bir ivme kazandığı dikkati çeker. Ulemadan bazı isimler gerek talebelik gerekse hocalık yıllarını kayıt altına alarak kendi tecrübelerini gelecek nesillere aktarmak istemiştir. Bu isimlerden biri de ilmî hayatını büyük ölçüde Eyyûbî ve Memlük hâkimiyetindeki Dımaşk’ta geçiren ve bu süreçte çeşitli müesseselerde ilmî mansıplar edinen Nevevî’dir. Nevevî, el-Mecmû‘ şerhu’l-Mühezzeb adlı eserinin mukaddimesinde hem talebe ve hoca olarak ilmî kariyeri boyunca edindiği tecrübelerini hem de kendisinden önceki ulemanın konu hakkındaki bazı görüşlerini zikretmiştir. Nevevî’nin bu açıdan konu hakkında kendisinden önceki gelenekten etkilendiği gibi kendisinden sonraki müellifleri de etkilediği dikkat çekmektedir. Bu makalede Nevevî’nin görüşleri genel olarak dört ana başlıkta derlenmiştir. İlimle meşgul olmanın öneminin ele alındığı ilk kısımda Nevevî’nin ilmi en yüce meşguliyet olarak değerlendirmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Nevevî’ye göre ilimle meşgul olmak bir ibadettir ve kişinin sadece kendisine değil bütün Müslümanlara fayda sağlaması bakımından diğer pek çok ibadetten de daha üstündür. Bununla birlikte bir ibadet olarak ilmin sahibine bir fayda sağlamasının olmazsa olmaz şartı ilmin yalnızca Allah rızasını elde etmek için tahsil edilmesi ve öğretilmesidir. Başta medreselerdekiler olmak üzere ulema için sayısız mansıbın ortaya çıktığı ve bu mansıpların elde edilebilmesi için çeşitli faktörlerin etkili olduğu bir dönemde yaşayan Nevevî’nin ilimle Allah rızası dışında bir gaye ile meşgul olunmaması gerektiğine dair ifadeleri bu bakımdan dikkat çekicidir. Nevevî daha sonra önce hocanın daha sonra ise talebenin ilmî faaliyetlerinin her safhasında sahip olmaları gereken âdâb ve ahlâkı ele alır. Onun anlatımından hocanın her hâliyle örnek bir Müslüman olması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hoca, manevi açıdan güzel ahlakla bezenmiş bir mümin olması gerekirken temizliği, düzeni, insanlarla ilişkisi gibi dünyevi işlerinde de örnek bir şahsiyet olmalıdır. Nevevî’ye göre hoca hoş karşılanmayacak davranışlarla ilmin şerefini yere düşürmemelidir. İlim öğrenme konusunda azmini hiç yitirmemeli, ilmini saklamamalı ve ancak ehil bir kimse olduğunda eser telif etmeye girişmelidir. Diğer taraftan ise talebesine karşı bir baba şefkatiyle yaklaşmalı, onu hem ilmi açıdan hem de ahlaki açıdan eğitmeye kendisini adamalıdır. Hoca talebenin ilim tahsiline hangi ilimlerden başlaması gerektiğine dair bir plan çıkarırken, hangi konuları hangi sırayla öğrenmesi gerektiğini de belirlemedir. Talebeye anlayabileceği şekilde yaklaşmalı, talebenin idrakine en kısa şekilde ulaşabileceği yolu keşfetmelidir. Nevevî bunun için hocanın ders sırasında oturduğu yerden ders ortamına, ders işleme usulünden talebeye yaklaşımına kadar birçok hususun önemine işaret eder. Nevevî’ye göre talebe ilme düşkün olmalıdır. Ayrıca ilim tahsili süresince karşılaşacağı türlü zorluklara karşı da hazırlıklı ve sabırlı olması gerekir. Talebe yemesine, içmesine, uykusuna kadar disiplinli bir hayat yaşamalı, dersini günün hangi zamanında ve nasıl çalışması gerektiğine dair bir bilince sahip olmalıdır. Nevevî bir talebenin ilmin basamaklarını tırmanışında hocası ile ilişkisine büyük önem verir. Bir ilmi ya da kitabı tek başına öğrenmeye çalışmanın son derece yanlış olduğuna ve bunun kişiyi birçok hataya düşürebileceğine vurgu yapan Nevevî, bu noktada hocanın ilim tahsilindeki merkezi rolüne işaret etmektedir. Ona göre ilmî hayatın temelini oluşturan hoca-talebe ilişkisi netice itibarıyla talebenin hayatının her noktasına etki edecek niteliktedir. Bu bakımdan talebe, hocasının ilmî birikim ve tecrübelerinden istifade ederken bir ölçüde onun ahlakını da benimsemektedir. Nevevî’ye göre hoca ve talebe arasındaki bu ilişki tarafların birbirlerine karşı hak ve sorumluluklarının olduğu bir zemine oturmaktadır. Ayrıca talebe kendisi gibi ilim tahsil etmek üzere hocadan ders alan bir halkanın üyesidir ve hem ders sırasında hem de ders dışında halkada yer alan diğer talebelere karşı yerine getirmesi gereken bazı sorumlulukları vardır. Talebe halka içerisinde bir taraftan ilim tahsil ederken diğer taraftan ise ileriki yıllarda talebeler yetiştiren bir hoca olmanın ilk deneyimlerini bu halkada yaşamaktadır. Bu noktada Nevevî’nin bir ders halkasının nasıl olması gerektiğine dair sunduğu canlı tasvirler dikkat çekicidir. Son kısımda ise hocanın ve talebenin, ilmi faaliyetin en önemli araçlarından biri olarak “kitap” üzerinden ilim çevresiyle geliştirdikleri ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu açıdan Nevevî’nin hoca ve talebe âdâbına dair anlattıkları bir taraftan kendi dönemindeki ilmî hayatın işleyişini anlamaya, diğer taraftan ise daha geniş manada İslâm ilim geleneğinin pratik işleyişine dair genel bir tasavvurun oluşumuna katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords:

It is 7/13. The sight of the sight of the sight of the sight of the sight of the sight of the sight of the sight of the sight.
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

In understanding the development and transformation of the Islamic science tradition, the texts that directly address the functioning of the scientific life or contact this field are extremely important. It is noted that after the completion of the Islamic sciences the numbers began to increase, this type of telifate gained a new impulse especially with the emergence of medreses. Some of the names of the unprecedented have wanted to record their teaching years and transfer their own experiences to the future generations. One of these names is the one who has a great deal of knowledge of his life and has a great deal of knowledge of his life and has a great deal of knowledge of his life and has a great deal of knowledge of his life. In the words of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, “The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, ‘The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: It is noted that Nevevi’s affairs in this regard are influenced by the tradition before him, as it is influenced by the followers. In this article, the opinions of Nevevi are generally compiled in four main titles. In the first part of the discussion of the importance of being engaged with the Islam, the focus was on the assessment of Nevevi as a scientific engagement. According to Nevevi, being engaged with knowledge is a worship, and the person is better than many other worships in terms of benefiting not only himself, but all Muslims. But if the knowledge is not a benefit to the owner as a worship, the condition is that the knowledge is charged and taught only to obtain God’s satisfaction. In this regard, it is noticeable that the statements of the Nevevî who lives in a period in which the various factors are effective to obtain these statements appear in countless mansions for the ulema, including those of the medresel, and that it should not be engaged with a gaye except with the knowledge of God's consent. The first, then the first, then the second, then the second, then the second, then the second, then the second, then the second, then the second, then the second, then the second. It is clear that he should be a Muslim example in every case. The teacher must be a believer with a good morality from a spiritual point of view, while he must be an example in the world’s affairs, such as purity, order, relationships with people. He said that he should not be able to do anything for the sake of the wise, and that he should not be able to do anything for the sake of the wise. He should not lose his mind about learning, he should not hide his knowledge, and he should only begin to write the work when he is a skilled person. On the other hand, a father must approach his demand with compassion, and he must dedicate himself to teaching him both scientific and moral. The teacher makes a plan of what knowledge should begin with, while determining what subjects should be taught in what order. He must approach the demand as he can understand, and find the way the demand can reach as he can. For this, Nevevi points to the importance of many matters from the place where the teacher is sitting during the course to the class environment, from the process of the course to the approach to the request. According to Nevevi, the request must be pleased. It is also necessary to be prepared and patient with the difficulties that you will face during the knowledge assignment period. He must live a disciplined life until he is eating, drinking, sleeping, having a consciousness of what time and how to work on the day. He has a great deal of attention to his relationship with his teacher when he climbs the trails of knowledge. Nevevi, who emphasizes that trying to learn a science or a book alone is extremely wrong and that it can lead the person to many errors, points on the central role of the teacher in the knowledge assessment at this point. According to him, the master-treatment relationship that forms the basis of the scientific life is the quality that will affect every point of the demand’s life. In this regard, the request, while taking advantage of his scientific accumulation and experience, accepts his morality to a certain extent. According to Nevevi, this relationship between the teacher and the demand lies in a ground where the parties have rights and responsibilities against each other. Also, the demand is a member of a curriculum that learns from the teacher to charge the knowledge like itself and has some responsibilities to fulfill against other requests in the curriculum both during the course and outside the course. The demand in the public, on the one hand, takes knowledge, while on the other hand, the first experience of being a teacher that requires in the coming years is living in this ring. At this point, the live images that Nevevi offers about how a curriculum should be. In the last part, the teacher and the demand are focused on the relationship that they develop with the environment of knowledge through the "book" as one of the important means of knowledge activity. From this point of view, Nevevi’s talks about the teachers and demands, on the one hand, contribute to the understanding of the functioning of the scientific life in its time, and on the other hand, in the wider sense, it contributes to the formation of a general picture of the practical functioning of the Islamic science tradition.

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Learning From The Insight Of A Scholar Of The 7th/13th Century: Al-nawawī’s Notes On The Manners Of The Teacher and The Student
2020
Author:  
Abstract:

The texts that directly address or touch the functioning of Islamic scholarship are extremely important in understanding the development and transformation of Islamic scholarly tradition. It is noteworthy that these kinds of texts, which have started to increase after the completion of the formative period of Islamic sciences, have gained a new momentum especially with the advent of madrasahs. Some from the ulama wanted to transfer their experiences to future generations by recording their own years of studying and teaching. One such scholar’s name was al-Nawawī, who largely spent his scholarly life in Damascus, dominated by the Ayyubid and Mamluk states, and acquired scholarly position in various institutions during this period. Al-Nawawī mentioned both the experiences he gained during his scholarly career as a student and as a scholar, and reported some views of the preceding ulama about the subject in the introduction of his work named al-Majmū‘ sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. It is also noteworthy that just like al-Nawawī was influenced by the tradition before him, he also influenced the authors who came after him. In this article, al-Nawawī’s views are generally compiled under four main headings. In the first part, where the importance of engagement in knowledge is discussed, al-Nawawī’s consideration of scholarship as the highest occupation is emphasized. According to al-Nawawī, engaging in knowledge is worship, and it is superior to many other manners of worship in that it benefits not only one’s self but all Muslims. However, as worship, the sine qua non of acquiring knowledge to benefit its owner is that it is pursued and taught only for the sake of God. It is remarkable that al-Nawawī, who lived in a period where numerous positions were created for the ulama, especially those in the madrasahs, and that various influences were used in the course of getting these positions, he emphasized that people should not be engaged in sciences other than for God’s consent. Subsequently, al-Nawawī discussed the ethics and morality that the scholar and the student should have at every stage of their scholarly activities. It is understood from his narration that the scholar should be an exemplary Muslim in all aspects. While the scholar should be a believer adorned with morally beautiful virtues, he should be an exemplary person in his worldly affairs such as in cleanliness, order, and his relationships with other people. According to al-Nawawī, the scholar should never deface the honor of knowledge with unpleasant behavior. He should never lose his determination in knowledge, he should not renounce to teach knowledge, and only when he is a complete scholar should he attempt to write based upon this knowledge. Moreover, he should approach his student with compassion like a father and dedicate himself to educate him both scientifically and morally. While the scholar draws up a plan on which knowledge the student should start his education, he should also determine which subjects he should learn and in what order. He must approach the student in a way that he can understand, and discover the way in which the demand can reach his perception as far as possible. For this, al-Nawawī, points out the importance of many issues, from where the teacher sits during the lesson to the environment of the class, from the lecturing method to the approach to the student. According to al-Nawawī, the student must be fond of knowledge. In addition, he must be prepared and patient to face for all kinds of difficulties he will meet during his education. The student should live a disciplined life from challenging times to eating, drinking and sleeping, and have a sense of how and when he should study his lesson. Al-Nawawī attaches great importance to the relationship of a student with his teacher in ascending the steps of knowledge. He emphasizes that it is extremely wrong for one to try to learn a science or a book alone and this can cause the person making numerous errors, al-Nawawī points to the central role of the scholar in scholarship at this point. According to him, the scholar-student relationship, which forms the basis of scholarship, has a quality that will affect every part of the life of the student. In this respect, while the student benefits from the knowledge and experience of his teacher, he also adopts his morality to some extent. According to al-Nawawī, this relationship between the scholar and the student rests on a ground where the parties have rights and responsibilities towards each other. In addition, the student is a member of a ḥalaqa who takes lessons from the scholar to learn knowledge and has some responsibilities toward other students in the public both during and outside the class. While the student learns knowledge in the group, he also experiences the first glimpse of being a teacher who educates students in the subsequent years in the same group. At this point, we must say that al-Nawawī’s descriptions on how a ḥalaqa of knowledge should be conducted are remarkable and incredibly enthusiastic. In the last part of the book the emphasis is made on the nature of the relationship developed by the scholar and the student with other scholarly circles, which al-Nawawī presents as one of the most important tools of scholarly activity. In this respect, al-Nawawī’s words about the manners of the scholar and the student contribute to the understanding of the functioning of the scholarly life in his own period on the one hand and to the general understanding of the practical functioning of the Islamic scholarly tradition on the other hand.

Keywords:

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Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Journal Type :   Uluslararası

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Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi