Özet:

In a certain period of his life the plant forms reproductive organs, or organs of sexual reproduction. In angiosperms Magnoliophyta-these are flowers, from which later fruit and seeds are formed. In most cases, flowers arise at the ends of the shoots, forming various groups called inflorescences. The term "inflorescence" was first introduced in the literature in the writings of Carl Linnaeus and was considered as the arrangement of flowers-a way of attaching flowers to the flower buds of the plant. Scientists have identified the following types of inflorescences: a shield, a tassel, an ear, a trunk, and others. The concept of cyme and raceme inflorescence was described by Parkin. According to J. Bentham and J. Hooker, inflorescences can be represented as "a set of flowering branches and flowers on them", also used the term "flowering branch" as an independent. Many types of inflorescences are not categorical or can combine more than one type. Wilhelm Troll has developed an exact typological structure for describing homology among a wide range of inflorescences, which was expanded and translated into English by Weberling. At the end of the XX-beginning of the XXI century, the interest of the botanists to the study of inflorescences increased significantly. Inflorescences of the family Brassicaceae Burnett are very diverse. Among them there are species with single flowers, small-flowered (with two, three flowers) and multi-flowered inflorescences. Despite the interest of tax collectors and morphologists in the family, the works devoted to the study of morphology and anatomy of inflorescences of Brassicaceae are few. Many existing systems of description and classification of inflorescences, different interpretations of certain terms and concepts, in particular, different interpretation of cyme and raceme inflorescences, led to the need to study the floral structure of the system of shoots among representatives of the family Brassicaceae. It should be noted that many species of this family have a great economic value, as food (Brassica oleracea (L.), Raphanus sativus var. radicula (Pers).) oil plants (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch., Eruca sativa Lam., Brassica napus L.), honey plants (Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Camelina sativa (Cr.)), technical (Isatis tinctoria (L.)), forage plants (Brassica rapa subsp. rapifera (Metzger)), spice-flavored plants (Sinapis (L.), Armoracia rusticana (G. Gaertn.), B.Mey. & Scherb., Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.) and others. Certain species are used in decorative flower gardening and landscape design (Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC., Lobularia maritima (L.), Lunaria annua (L.), Hesperis sibirica (L.)). Keywords: Inflorescence; flower; bract; bracteole; meristem References: Ali, T., Schmuker, A., Runge, F., Solovyeva, I., Nigrelli, L., Paule, J., & Thines, M. (2016). Morphology, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Microthlaspi (Brassicaceae: Coluteocarpeae) and related genera. Taxon, 65(1), 79-98. doi:10.12705/651.6 Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Beilstein, M. A., & Kellogg, E. A. (2006). Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): an overview. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 259(2-4), 89-120. doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z Artyushenko, Z., & Fedorov, ?. (1979). Atlas on descriptive morphology of higher plants. Inflorescence. Science. Leningrad Branch, 295 (in Russian). Bailey, C. D., Koch, M. A., Mayer, M., Mummenhoff, K., O’Kane, S. L., Warwick, S. I., & Shehbaz, I. A. (2006). Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(11), 2142-60. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl087 Bull-Herenu, K., & Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2013). Testing the ontogenetic base for the transientmodel of inflorescence development. Annals of Botany, 112, 1543-1551. Claben-Bockhoff, R., & Bull-Hereñu, K. (2013). Towards an ontogenetic understanding of inflorescence diversity. Annals of Botany, 112(8):1523-42. doi:10.1093/aob/mct009 Dorofeev, V. (2002). Cruciferae Juss. Of European Russia. Turczaninowia: Journal, 5(3), 5-114 (in Russian). Fedorova, ?. (2006). Morphology of inflorescences. Moscow: Izd. Higher plants biol. F-th Moscow. Un-t, 98 (in Russian). Gaussen, H. (1952). L'évolution pseudocycique. Annee biologique, 3, 28(7-8), 230-235 German, D., Jason, R., Grant, M., Lysak, A., & Shehbaz, I. (2011). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the tribe Chorisporeae (Brassicaceae). Plant Syst. Evol., 294, 65-86. doi:org/10.1007/s00606-011-0452-0 Goebel, K. (1931). Blutenbildung und Sprossgestaltung Anthokladien und Infloreszenzen. Zweiter Ergänzungsband zur Organographie der Pflanzen. Jena: Fischer, 242. Goebel, K. (1933). Organographie der Pflanzen. Aufl. Jena, 3, 1-3, 2078. Goethe, I. (1957). Selected works on natural science. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 287 (in Russian). Harder, L. D., & Prusinkiewicz, P. (2013). The interplay between inflorescence development and function as the crucible of architectural diversity. Annals of Botany, 112, 1477-1493. doi:org/10.1093/aob/mcs252 Ilyinskaya, A. (2015). Spectra of morphological traits of Brassicaceae. Vegetative organs of plants. Ukrbotanist journal, 72(1), 8-18. doi:10.15407 Imes, A. (1964). Morphology of flowering plants, Moscow, 497 (in Russian). Kharchenko, V., & Berezenko, E. (2012). Anatomy and morphology of bracts and bracteoles in order Brassicales. Modern Phytomorphology 2, 201-203. doi:10.5281 Kharchenko, V., & Berezenko, K. (2010). Sposib virochuvannya Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC in the laboratory. Patent for the utility model, 54338 (in Ukrainian). Kine, Zh.-M., Sachs, R., & Bernier, J. (1991). Physiology of flowering. Development of flowers. Moscow: VO "Agropromizdat", 3, 445 (in Russian). Kuznetsova, T., Pryakhina, N., & Yakovlev, G. (1992). Inflorescence. Morphological classification. St. Petersburg, 128 (in Russian). Kuznetsova, ?. (1985). Methods for studying inflorescences. I. Descriptive method and the concept of Wilhelm Troll synphorescence. Bul. MOIP. Otd. Biol., 90, 3, 62-72 (in Russian). Kuznetsova, ?. (1991). Morphology of inflorescences: current state. Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki. VINITI. Ser. botany, 12, 39-39 (in Russian). Kwiatkowska, D. (2006). Flower primordium formation at the Arabidopsis shoot apex: quantitative analysis of surface geometry and growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 571-580. doi:10.1093/jxb/erj042 Linnaeus, K. (1989). Philosophy of Botany. Trans. with latin. AN SSSR. M.: Nauka, 456 (in Russian). Maresquelle, H. (1970). Le theme évolutif des complexes d'inflorescences. Son aptitude a susciter des problèmes nouveaux. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 117(1-2), 1-4. Munch, D., Gupta, V., Bachmann, A., Busch, W., Kelly, S., Mun, T., & Andersen, S. (2017). The Brassicaceae family displays divergent, shoot-skewed NLR resistance gene expression. Plant Physiology Preview. Published on December 1. doi:10.1104/pp.17.01606 Nukhimovsky, E. (2002). Fundamentals of biomorphology of seed plants. Moscow: Overlay, 2 (in Russian). Parkin, J. M. A. (1914). The Evolution of the Inflorescence. Perfectti, F., Gómez, J., González-Megías, A., Abdelaziz, M., & Lorite, J. (2017). Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary history of Moricandia DC (Brassicaceae). doi:10.7717/peerj.3964 Remane, A. (1951). Das Problem des Typus in der morphologisehen Biologie. Stud, Gener 4, 390-399. Reinheimer, R., Vegetti, A. C., & Rua, G. H. (2013). Macroevolution of panicoid inflorescences: a history of contingency and order of trait acquisition. Annals of Botany 112, 1613-1628. doi:org/10.1093/aob/mct027 Ricket, H. (2011). The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification. Cambridge University Press, 641. Shirley, C. Tucker. (1999). The Inflorescence: Introduction. The Botanical Review, 4. Shroeder, F.-G. (1987). Infloreszenzen, Synfloriszenzen und Moduln. Eine Terminologische Beitreg zur Infloreszenzmorphologie, 108, 2/3, 449-472. Stebbins, G. L. (1973). Evolutionary trends in the inflorescence of angiosperms. Flora. Bd., 162(6), 501-528. Takhtadzhyan, A. (1982). Life of plants. T. 6. Moscow, 542 (in Russian). Takhtadzhyan, A. (1980). Life of plants. Inflorescence. Moscow, 512 (in Russian). Takhtadzhyan, A. (1966). System and phylogeny of flowering plants. L.: Science, 612 (in Russian). Theophrastus. (1951). Research about plants. L.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 656 (in Russian). Troll, W. (1969). Die infloreszenzen. Jena, Bd. 1, Teil 1, 630. Weberling, F. (1989). Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. Cambridge: Univ., XX, 405. Ziffer-Berger, J., Hanin, N., Fogel, T., Mummenhoff, K., & Barazani, O. (2015). Molecular phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Raphanus L. (Brassicaceae). Edinburgh journal of botany, 72(1), 111. doi:org/10.1017/S0960428614000286  

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