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Limnology has been greatly influenced by The Lake as a Microcosm (Forbes, 1887), which described a holistic focus on the internal machinations of singular, island-like aquatic ecosystems. I consider three persistent influences of The Lake as a Microcosm: as an organizing paradigm for the teaching of limnology relative to its practice; the idea that inland waters are like islands, and the replicability of types of inland waters. Based on inspection of recent peer-reviewed literature and 32 limnology texts, we teach limnology according to Forbes but do not practice it in that holistic context. Instead, we practice limnology as aquatic ecology. Based on novel analyses of species-area relationships for 275 inland waters and 392 islands, inland waters are more like continental habitat patches than islands; the island metaphor is poetic but not accurate. Based on a quantitative review of beta diversity (40 data sets representing 10,576 inland waters and 26 data sets representing 1529 terrestrial sites), aquatic systems are no more replicable than are terrestrial systems; a typological approach to limnology is no more justified than it is in terrestrial systems. I conclude that a former distinction between limnology and aquatic ecology no longer applies, and that we should define limnology as the ecology of inland waters. Also, we should not consider lakes and rivers as islands that represent other systems of the same type, but should consider them as open, interactive habitat patches that vary according to their geology and biogeography. I suggest modern limnology operates according to 3 paradigms, which combine to form 3 broad limnological disciplines and establish a basis for a plural, interactive view of lakes and rivers as microcosms. This model of modern limnology may help better connect it to ecology and biogeography and help limnology be even more relevant to science and society. David G. Jenkins, University of Central Florida Professor of Biology Jenkins, David G. 2013. “Lakes and Rivers As Microcosms, Version 2.0”. Journal of Limnology 73 (s1). https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2014.797. More Citation Formats ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard MLA Turabian Vancouver Download Citation Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX Downloads Download data is not yet available. Citations List of Cited By : An Operational Framework for the Advancement of a Molecule-to-Biosphere Stoichiometry Theory Mehdi Cherif, Carolyn Faithfull, Junwen Guo, Cédric L. Meunier, Judith Sitters, Wojciech Uszko, Francisco Rivera Vasconcelos Frontiers in Marine Science : 2017 Themes by Openjournaltheme.com authors FOR AUTHORS SUBMIT YOUR PAPER Guide for Authors Benefits for Authors How to write a scientific paper How to write a Review article Article Processing Charge Registering new species in ZooBank reviewers FOR REVIEWERS Benefits for Reviewers How to review Thanks to Reviewers links LINKS CNR-IRSA - Water Research Institute Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Limnologia International Society of Limnology EFFS - European Federation for Freshwater Sciences International Society for Microbial Ecology flyer JOURNAL FLYER Phytoplankton-zooplankton coupling in a cascade of hypertrophic fishponds 21 September 2023 Marija Radojičić et al. Vol. 82 (2023) Seasonal variation in the relative strength of bottom-up vs top-down effects in pelagic cladoceran populations identified through contribution analysis of birth rate 7 September 2023 Anna A. Kasparson et al. Vol. 82 (2023) In situ effects of arsenic, aluminium and chromium stresses on algal periphyton of the river Ganga at Varanasi, India 30 June 2023 Arpana Yadav et al. Vol. 82 (2023) Periphyton growth on allochthonous input in streams may lead to higher individual growth rates of the invasive New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) 20 June 2023 Sally Ghannam et al. Vol. 82 (2023) Gross mismatches between salmonid stocking and capture record data in a large Alpine lake basin in Northern Italy suggest a low stocking effectiveness for an endangered native trout 16 June 2023 Gianluca Polgar et al. Vol. 82 (2023) @j_limnology Most read last month Longitudinal recovery gradient of macroinvertebrates during different hydrological scenarios in a downstream river reach 107 A georeferenced dataset for occurrence records of the phylum Rotifera in Africa 90 The Freshwater Biodiversity Information System (FBIS) fish data: a georeferenced dataset of freshwater fishes occurring in South Africa 74 Most Cited Article Formation of large colonies: a defense mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa under continuous grazing pressure by flagellate Ochromonas sp. Cited: 60 19 January 2012 Zhen Yang et al. A numerical index for evaluating phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient levels in deep mediterranean reservoirs Cited: 60 1 February 2009 Aldo MARCHETTO et al. Last Updated: 3 October 2023 Keywords The Journal of Limnology is an Open Access, academic peer-reviewed journal published by PAGEPress®, Pavia, Italy on behalf of the CNR-IRSA, Italy. All credits and honors to PKP for their OJS. Registered in print in Verbania, 7-10-1959, n. 58.

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