Abstract:

One of the main reasons of the destabilization of the ecological environment around poultry farms is the widespread use of resource-consuming and environmentally irrational production processes and technological preparation, processing and disposal of poultry waste. Nowadays, cage batteries with a belt removal system are becoming more widespread in the poultry farming. However, the use of such equipment does not guarantee compliance with applicable veterinary and sanitary requirements for the content of harmful gases in the air of the poultry houses and its microbial contamination. This, in turn, has a negative impact on the state of the environment. In addition, the equipment designed for countries with a milder climate than in Ukraine does not support the designed regimes of its individual systems. Therefore, the study of the effect of the accumulation of the litter on the belts of the cage batteries on its humidity, chemical composition and microclimate in the poultry house, from the environmental point of view, remains an urgent problem. On the basis of complex studies, the kinetics of the drying of the litter on the belt conveyors of the cage batteries for keeping laying hens with built-in air ducts and without air ducts in different seasons, as well as the effect of the duration of the accumulation of the litter on the microclimate in the poultry house, microbial contamination and chemical composition of the litter have been studied. The study of the microclimate in the poultry house, depending on the time of accumulation of the litter on the conveyor belts, showed that with the increase in the time of accumulation of excrements in the air, the content of ammonia increased, and after 5 days of accumulation in the cold season its level began to exceed the maximum contamination level (MCL)-15 mg per m3 of the air. The amount of ammonia on the 7th day of the litter accumulation in all poultry houses was 1.8-2.8 times greater (P<0.001) compared to the first day. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air increased by 1.14-2.00 times, but it never exceeded the MCL - 0.25%. When studying the both types of cage batteries, 1.2-2.6 times the maximum contamination level of the air (220 thous. microbic units per m3) was established in the poultry houses. In the case of cage batteries without built-in ducts from the 1st to the 7th day of accumulation, microbial air contamination increased by 1.9 times in the cold season, and by 1.7 times - in the warm season; and on the 7th day it was 579 and 462 thous. microbic units per m3, respectively. When using the cage batteries with built-in ducts, microbial air contamination increased slightly: by 1.7 times in the cold season and 1.4 times in the warm season and on the 7th day it was 535 and 580 thous. units per m3, respectively. Keywords: Microclimate; Poultry litter; Accumulation time; Humidity; Cage battery; Air contamination References Abumere, V. I., Dada, O.A., Adebayo, A.G., Kutu, F.R., & Togun, A.O. (2019). Different Rates of Chicken Manure and NPK 15-15-15 Enhanced Performance of Sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) on Ferruginous Soil. International Journal of Agronomy, 10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3580562 Balanin, V.I. (1988). Zoohygienic control of the microclimate in livestock and poultry facilities. L.: Agropromizdat. (In Russian) Bolan, N.S., Szogi, A.A., Chuasavathi, T., & Seshadri, B. (2010). Uses and management of poultry litter. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66(4), 673-698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933910000656 Chaump, K., Preisser, M., Shanmugam, S.R., Prasad, R., Adhikari, S., & Higgins, B. T. (2019). Leaching and anaerobic digestion of poultry litter for biogas production and nutrient transformation. Waste Manag., 84, 413-422. doi:10.1016/j.wasman Chen, Z., & Jiang, X. (2014). Microbiological safety of chicken litter or chicken litter-based organic fertilizer: a review. Agriculture, 4, 1-29. doi:10.3390/agriculture4010001 Chen, Z., Wang, H., Ionita, C., Luo, F., & Jiang, X. (2015). Effects of chicken litter storage time and ammonia content on thermal resistance of desiccation-adapted Salmonella spp. Appl Environ Microbiol, 81, 6883-6889. doi:10.1128/AEM.01876-15 Dornelas, K.C., Schneider, R.M., & do Amaral, A.G. (2017). Biogas from poultry waste-production and energy potential. Environ Monit Assess, 189(8), 407. doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6054-8 Douglas, A.R., Paulo, R.E., Analú, M., & Kesia, S.L. (2016). Composition of Poultry Litter in Southern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo., 40.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20140697 Dumas, M.D., Polson, S.W., Ritter, D., Ravel, J., Jr, J.G., Morgan, R., & Wommack, K.E. (2011). Impacts of Poultry House Environment on Poultry Litter Bacterial Community Composition. PLoS ONE 6(9), e24785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024785 Dunlop, M.W., Blackall, P.J., & Stuetz, R.M. (2015). Water addition, evaporation and water holding capacity of poultry litter. Science of the Total Environment, 15(538), 979-985. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.092 Dunlop, M.W., McAuley, J., Blackall, P.J., & Stuetz, R.M. (2016). Water activity of poultry litter: Relationship to moisture content during a grow-out. Journal Environ Manage, 1(172), 201-206. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman Enticknap, J.J., Nonogaki, H., Place, A.R., & Hill, R.T. (2006). Microbial diversity associated with odor modification for production of fertilizers from chicken litter. Applied and environmental microbiology, 72, 4105-4114. doi:10.1128/AEM.02694-05 Esenamanova, M.S., Kuspangalieva, A.G., Dyusekenova, T.S., Esenamanova, J.S., & Tlepbergenova, A.E. (2018). Biological processing of bird droppings to produce biogas and biofertilizer. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research, 11(1), 85-89. (In Russian) Essam, S. Soliman, Nahla, H. Sallam, & Eman, M. Abouelhassan. (2018). Effectiveness of poultry litter amendments on bacterial survival and Eimeria oocyst sporulation. Vet World, 11(8), 1064-1073. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2018.1064-1073 Ghaly, A.E., & Alhattab, M. (2013). Drying poultry manure for pollution potential reduction and production of organic fertilizer. Am Journal Environ Science, 9, 88-102. doi:10.3844/ajessp.2013.88.102 Henuk, Y.L., & Dingle, J.G. (2003). Poultry manure: source of fertilizer, fuel and feed. World's Poultry Science Journal, 59(3), 350-360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20030022 Ishchenko, K.V., Palii, A.P., Kis, V.M., Petrov, R.V., Nagorna, L.V., Dolbanosova, R.V., & Paliy, A.P. (2019). Investigation of microclimate parameters for the content of toxic gases in poultry houses during air treatment in the scrubber with the use of various fillers. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(2), 74-80. Kim, J., Diao, J., Shepherd, M.W. Jr., Singh, R., Heringa, S.D., Gong, C., & Jiang, X. (2012). Validating thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in fresh and aged chicken litter. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78, 1302-1307. doi:10.1128/AEM.06671-11 Lopes, M., Roll, V.F.B., Leite, F.L., Dai, Prá M.A., Xavier, E.G., Heres, T., & Valente, B.S. (2013). Quicklime treatment and stirring of different poultry litter substrates for reducing pathogenic bacteria counts. Poult Science, 92, 638-644. doi:10.3382/ps.2012-02700 Miles, D.M., Rowe, D.E., & Cathcart, T.C. (2011). High litter moisture content suppresses litter ammonia volatilization. Poultry Science Journal, 90(7), 1397-1405. doi:10.3382/ps.2010-01114 Mohamed, A.M., Sekar, S., & Muthukrishnan, P. (2010). Prospects and Potential of Poultry Manure. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 9, 172-182. doi:10.3923/ajps.2010.172.182 Nagornaya, L. (2019). Trichothecene mycotoxins. Our Poultry Journal, 4(64), 58-60. (In Ukrainian) Nahm, K.H. (2003). Evaluation of the nitrogen content in poultry manure. World's Poultry Science Journal, 59(1), 77-88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20030004 Ogejo, J.A., & Collins, E.R. (2009). Storing and handling poultry litter. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication, 442-054. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-054/442-054.html Paliy, A., & Ishchenko, K. (2019). Proper water supply. Our Poultry Journal, 1(61), 34-35. (In Ukrainian) Paliy, A.P., Sumakova, N.V., Mashkey, A.M., Petrov, R.V., Paliy, A.P., & Ishchenko, K.V. (2018). Contamination of animal-keeping premises with eggs of parasitic worms. Biosystems Diversity, 26(4), 327-333. doi https://doi.org/10.15421/011848 Sarada, Prasanna Sahoo, Daljeet, Kaur, A.P.S. Sethi, A. Sharma, M. Chandra & Chandrahas. (2017). Effect of chemically amended litter on litter quality and broiler performance in winter. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45(1), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2016.1150846 Ta’nczuk, M., Junga, R., Kolasa-Wiecek, A., & Niemiec, P. (2019). Assessment of the Energy Potential of Chicken Manure in Poland. Energies, 12, 1244. doi:10.3390/en12071244 Tan, H.Q., Li, M., Jie, D.F., Zhou, Y.F., & Li, X.A. (2019). Effects of different litters on ammonia emissions from chicken manure. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 12(4), 27-33. doi:10.25165/j.ijabe.20191204.5011 Teixeira, A.S., Oliveira, M.C., Menezes, J.F., Gouvea, B.M., Teixeira, S.R., & Gomes, A.R. (2015). Poultry litter of wood shavings and/or sugarcane bagasse: animal performance and bed quality. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 28(3), 238-246. doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.v28n3a4 Wei, F. X., Hu, X.F., Xu, B., Zhang, M. H., Li, S.Y., Sun, Q.Y. & Lin, P. (2015). Genetics and Molecular Research, 14(2), 3160-3169. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.April.10.27 Yaremchuk, O.S., Zakharenko, M.O., & Kurbatova, I.M. (2012). Chemical composition of litter of laying hens and features of its biofermentation under anaerobic conditions. Technology, 4 (113), 20-23. (In Ukrainian)

Keywords: