Abstract:

Azoospermia is commonly identified in patients with infertility. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) includes primary or secondary and incomplete testicular failure. Before testicular sperm extraction (TESE), donor insemination is the only option available in men with NOA. The combination of microTESE and intracytoplasmic sperm injection has considerably increased the fertilization rate. However, mature spermatozoa can be found in half of the patients. This situation prompted experts to use spermatids to assist in reproductive techniques. Elongated spermatid injection (ELSI) and round spermatid injection (ROSI) are among the possible treatments for couples who cannot find mature spermatozoa after microTESE in patients with NOA. This review provides an updated summary of the most recent available topics on ELSI and ROSI in the literature.

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