Özet:

In this study; the principles of the Ottoman economic and social situation, economic policy, institutions, timar, mukataa and foundations, which are the basic indicators of the economy, have been evaluated. In addition, budgets, trade, money and prices, tax system are examined. Later, the characteristics of the modern age, its effects on the Ottoman economic and political life, the economic situation of this period, and the reforms made in this field were emphasized. Thus, the Ottoman economy was handled in a holistic manner. As in all state administrations throughout history, the question of where, how and at what rates to intervene in the economy was extremely important in the Ottoman Empire. Starting from the classical period of the Ottoman economic order. the economic principles up to the 19th century are possible by knowing the basic developments and changes that occurred during the period in a holistic way. The economy of the Ottoman Empire, which includes a long period, shows the characteristics of the agricultural society. In the Classical period, the economy was largely self-sufficient. However, political and economic developments throughout the world revealed that the classical Ottoman system was insufficient. In parallel with the developments in the world, important developments and changes took place in the Ottoman economy. Pre-industrial agricultural societies have common features in political, economic, military and social fields. The most obvious among these are; The natural use of energy resources was the muscle power of humans and animals, and the lifting and propelling power of water and air. Therefore, similar practices are encountered in all classical societies. Production technical tools and equipment, transport, trade, transportation and communication in classical states were based on the same natural energy sources. Therefore, there were no big differences between societies in terms of development level. Accordingly, social change and development took place in a very long time. Because the Ottoman State lived the classical period characteristics, its economic order also carries the characteristics of an “agricultural society”. Because the sources of Ottoman economics; agriculture, animal husbandry and industry based on natural energy resources, and the modest trade of raw materials and industrial products within or between countries. Since the money economy was not sufficiently developed and the economy in kind was more dominant, wages and payments were made in kind as in the timar system. This caused the dynamics of the economy to work slowly from time to time. An intermediate formula has been developed to overcome this problem. Since the state does not have the opportunity to supply the central currency in the desired amount and rate everywhere, mints were established in the capital and in the regional centers or close to the mines. The mints, which were operated by tax farming, had to mint coins with a meter and scale determined by Istanbul. Otherwise, the contract of the tax farming would be canceled and the mint would be closed. The Ottoman Empire, which did not want to stay away from the developments in the world in the recent times, also embarked on important economic reforms. Since the state could not provide its capital and technology with equity, it had to contract capital and technology in return for long-term broad concessions. Despite all the well-meaning efforts 19th century. Although there were partially modern industrial facilities in the century, the Ottoman economy was showing the characteristics of an agricultural society economy until its collapse. Because most of its national income is still based on agriculture, % 80 of the population lived in rural areas. As such, it could be self-sufficient in basic food and necessities. As a result of the successful economic policies he followed according to his age, there was no “hunger” in the country. However, the public suffered from time to time due to some local disasters (such as drought, locust epidemic, plague). In these cases, thanks to the established order, grains from other provinces were transported to the disaster areas and trouble was prevented. As a result of the historical continuity, the economic reforms and institutions established in this period passed to the Republic. Many institutions such as Ministries, Court of Accounts, railways, trams, tunnels, roadways, ports, ferry companies, companies operating in many areas, stock market, government bonds, banks, postal organizations, agriculture and industry schools continue to exist today. However, finding millions of gold liabilities of the Republic of Turkey has also inherited from the Ottoman Empire.

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