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Atasözleri söyleyeni belli olmayan, genel kabul gören ve bireylerin uzun yıllar süren gözlem ve deneyimlerine dayanan, öğüt verici, özlü sözler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bir dilin zenginliğini göstermesi bakımından dikkate değer ipuçları sunan atasözleri, toplumsal değerleri yansıtması bakımından da önemli bir görev üstlenir. Cinsiyet kavramı da biyolojik farklılıkları ifade etmesinin yanı sıra toplumun bireylere verdiği rolleri de içerisinde barındırır. Bireyler kendilerini yaşamın başlangıcından itibaren, toplum tarafından sunulan kadınlık ve erkeklik rolleri ile tanımlarlar. Dolayısıyla atasözlerinde kadın ve erkeğe yapılan vurgular o toplumun inanç, gelenek, görenek gibi kültürel değerlerini yansıtır. Dil ve cinsiyet ilişkisine dair ülkemizde ve dünyada önemli çalışmalar bulunurken İran’da bu konuya dair araştırmalar daha geri planda kalmıştır. Çalışmamızın başında, bu konuya dair İran’da yapılmış olan belli başlı örnek çalışmaların kısa değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır. Sonrasında ise birincil kaynak olan ve ‘Alî Ekber-i Dihḫudâ tarafından hazırlanan dört ciltlik Emsâl u Ḥikem sözlüğünden yararlanarak İran toplumunda cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet kavramlarına dair algıyı, kaynak tarama yöntemiyle elde ettiğimiz örnek atasözleri ile fiziksel, cinsel, entelektüellik ve ekonomik özellikler, insani ihtiyaçlar, toplumsal ilişkiler ve sevgi üzerinden analiz etmeye çalışılacaktır. Devamında, kadın imgesine yönelik olarak “anne, eş, kız çocuğu, gelin, dul” kavramları, erkek imgesi için de “baba, koca, erkek çocuk, damat” kavramları taranarak elde edilen belli başlı örnek sözler üzerinden İran toplumunda cinsiyet algısı değerlendirilecektir.
The words are defined as unknown, generally accepted, and based on the observations and experiences of individuals for many years, advising, meaningful words. Speeches that provide considerable clues to show the richness of a language take an important role in reflecting social values. The concept of gender also includes the expression of biological differences as well as the roles that society gives to individuals. Individuals define themselves from the beginning of life, by the role of femininity and masculinity offered by society. Thus, the emphasis on women and men in their speeches reflects the cultural values of that society, such as beliefs, traditions, traditions. While there are important studies on language and gender relations in our country and in the world, research on this issue in Iran is more backward. At the beginning of our study, a brief assessment of certain main examples of the work on this issue in Iran will be made. Then, the first source and the four-course Emsâl u Ḥikem dictionary prepared by Ali Ekber-i Dih
Proverbs are defined as anonymous, generally accepted, advisory and wise sayings which are based on long term observations and experiences of individuals. Proverbs, which provide important clues to show the richness of a language, also play a significant role in reflecting social values. The concept of gender, in addition to expressing biological differences also includes the roles that society gives to individuals. Individuals define themselves with the role of femininity and masculinity which specified by society from the beginning of life. Therefore, the emphasis on women and men through proverbs reflects the cultural values of that community, such as beliefs, traditions and customs. At the beginning of our study, a brief assessment of major case studies, conducted in Iran, will be made. Then, with the chosen sample proverbs, which we obtained with source-scanning method from four volume Emsâl u Ḥikem, which our primary sources and written by ‘Alî Ekber-i Dihḫudâ, we will analyse the perception of sex and gender in Iranian society on physical, sexual, intellectual and economic features, human needs, social relations and love. Afterwards, an evaluation will be made by using major sample proverbs, for the image of female “mother, wife, daughter, bride, widow”, for the image of male “father, husband, boy, groom” concepts will be scanned to understand the gender perception in Iranian society. Structured Abstract Proverb is generally defined as a short, brief and concise sayings based on the experiences of older generations; intend to teach people; give lessons; offer advice and belongs to oral culture. Proverbs, which provide important clues to show the richness of a language, also play a significant role in reflecting social values. The concept of gender, in addition to expressing biological differences also includes the roles that society gives to individuals. Individuals define themselves with the role of femininity and masculinity which specified by society from the beginning of life. Therefore, the emphasis on women and men through proverbs reflects the cultural values of that community, such as beliefs, traditions and customs. With this study we will see the dimensions of gender perception and how these dimensions are expressed through Persian proverbs. We come across some articles which are studied in Iran, the general conclusion of these researches is Persian proverbs include sex discrimination however, the more Iranian society improve and modernise, the less sex discrimination could be seen in Persian language. In this research, we tried to analyse gender perception on physical, sexual, intellectual and economic features, social relations and so on. Our primary sources are Ebrahim Shakourzadeh’s Dovâzdeh Hezâr Mesel-i Fârsî (Twelve Thousand Persian Proverbs) and four-volume collection of proverbs Emsâl u Ḥikem (Proverbs and Mottos) by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda. With the sample sayings below on physical features of women, we can see the gender perception on Iranian society. The value of woman is equal with her physical beauty. On the other hand with the example below we see how women’s value erased but masculine identity aggrandizes and reified. از حمام می آيی برو خانه ی شوهر، از جامه شويی خانه ی مادر! If you coming from shower, go to the house of your husband; if you coming from laundry go to your mother’s house. شوی زن زشت روی نابینا به! It’s better for ugly woman’s husband, to be blind. خوشتر بود عروس نكو روی بی جهيز. No-dowry but beautiful face bride is better. زيور و زيب زنان است حرير و زر و سيم، مرد را نيست جز از علم و عمل زيور و زيب The ornament of a woman is silk, gold and silver, and the ornament of a man is nothing but science and action. On proverbs about sexuality and religion, intellectual and economic features of women, also on social relations sex discrimination and gender perception of Iranian society also could be seen. در كوره آز مردن به كه به همسران نياز بردن. It is better to die in a fire than a need a partner. زن پارسا در جهان نادر است. Religious women are rare in the world. زن خوب و فرمانبر و پارسا كند مرد درويش را پادشا. A good, obedient and religious woman turns the poor to sultan. زن بيوه را برای ميوه اش می خواهند. Widow women preferred because of her wealth. زنان در آفرینش ناتمامند. Women are deficient from innate. حمله با شير مرد هم راه است، حيله كار زن است و روباه است. To attack is the work of man however, cheating is woman and fox work. بخانه نشستن بود کار زن بیرون کار مردان شمشیر زن. To stay at the home, work of women; to fight at the outside is the work of men. وفا دادند بسگ با زن ندارند. Dog has loyalty, a woman hasn’t. دزد باش و مرد باش. You can be a burglar but first be a man. Men are considered superior and dominant to women, and men are also more talented, wise and stronger than women. Women are weak, trickster, unfaithful, liar, ugly, worthless, selfish and in charge of housework and they are subordinate to men. On the contrary men are handsome, loyal, and hardworking ... So Persian language includes sex discrimination through proverbs. Proverbs ignores women; and describes them as less significant than men; shortly there is a negative face for women in Persian proverbs. Proverbs can be considered as the essence of language and they can reflect a society’s views, values, attitudes, behaviours. Although Persian is not a gender language there exist gender inequality and sex discrimination. Throughout the research we see the main tendency, toward the discrimination against women. Based on the sample proverbs majority of the negative proverbs were against women.
Field : Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler
Journal Type : Uluslararası
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