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Âdet Teorisinin Fıkıh ve Usûlüne Yansımaları: Namaz Vaktinin Sonunda Kâfirin İmanı Örneği
2023
Journal:  
Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Author:  
Abstract:

Ehli Sünnet kelâm geleneğinde geliştirilen âdet teorisi, nedenselliği iptal edip âlemdeki tüm tasarrufu Allah Teâlâ’ya mahsus kılmayı amaçlayan bir teoridir. Bu teoriye göre Allah, âdetullah olarak isimlendirilen, kendi belirlediği yasalara göre evreni işletir. Ancak Allah’ın eğer dilerse insanî açıdan olağanüstü olarak nitelenen, âdeti dışı tasarruflarda da bulunabileceğine imkân sağlar. Kelâmdan istimdat eden fıkıh ve usûlünün, zahiri esas almaları beklenen ilimler olduklarından, âdet teorisinin imkânlarından yararlanmaları onların bu kimliğine aykırı gibi görünmektedir. Ancak namaz vaktinin son anında Müslüman olan kişinin durumu gibi konularda bazen işler öyle sıkışır ki zahire göre hüküm vermek oldukça zor hale gelir. Peki, usûlcüler zahire bakıp bu kişinin mezkûr vaktin namazı ile mükellef olmadığına mı hükmetmiş yoksa âdet teorisinin imkânlarından yararlanıp farklı bir sonuca mı varmıştır? İşte bu çalışmada kelâmda üretilmiş bir teori olarak âdet nazariyesinin, fıkıh ve usûlünde ne derece kullanıldığı, namaz vaktinin son anında Müslüman olan kişinin durumu özelinde Pezdevî (ö. 1089) ve şârihleri Siğnâkî (ö. 1314) ve Buhârî’nin (ö. 1330) usûle dair eserleri üzerinden tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bulgular doğrultusunda usûlcülerin âdet teorisinden, kurdukları halefiyyet sisteminin bir gereği olarak ereksel bir biçimde yararlandıkları ancak bunu vakıaya yansıtmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Usûlcülerin âdet teorisinden sadece bu açıdan yararlanmaları fıkıh ve usûlünün zahire göre hüküm verme kimliğine engel teşkil etmiyor gibi görünmektedir.

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Reflections Of The Theory Of ʽādah (custom) On Fiqh and Its Methodology: An Example Of Becoming A Muslim At The End Of Prayer Time
2023
Author:  
Abstract:

Every science examines the personal accidents of the subject, which it determines as its subject, and the sciences differ from each other in this aspect. However, sciences offer the principles that they prove themselves through the use of other sciences. Sciences take and use the principles of other sciences that they will need, but they do not have to prove these principles in themselves. On the contrary, they entrust this proof to the sciences from which they took their principles. While examining the sources of fiqh and the method of making judgments from these sources, the method of fiqh uses the principles set forth in other sciences in the problems it encounters. One of the sciences in which the method of fiqh takes principles is kalām. Actually, the science of kalām provides principles to all other sciences with the conception of God and the world it reveals. One of these principles is the indeterminist understanding of the world, in other words, the theory of ʽādah (custom). The theory of custom, produced in the tradition of Ahl al-Sunnah Kalām, is a theory that cancels causality and makes all effects in the world peculiar to Allah. According to this theory, Allah operates the universe according to the laws of physics, which are named custom. However, this theory makes it possible for Allah, if He wills, to do extraordinary acts that are described as humanly extraordinary. Since the Fiqh and its Methodology, which is assisted by the science of kalām, is a science that is expected to judge according to the apparent, it seems to be contrary to his identity to make judgments by using the possibilities of the theory of custom. However, like the situation of a person who becomes a Muslim at the last moment of prayer, sometimes things get so tight that it becomes very difficult to judge according to outward appearance. Well, did the methodists look at the outward appearance and decide that this person is not responsible for the prayer of the aforementioned time, or did they come to a different conclusion by using the possibilities of the theory of custom.

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Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi

Field :   İlahiyat

Journal Type :   Ulusal

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