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Devletin Dinî Alanı Düzenlemesi Bağlamında Fransa ve Türkiye’de İki Kanun: 1901 Dernekler Kanunu ile 1925 Tekke, Zaviye ve Türbedarlıkların Kapatılmasına İlişkin Kanun
2020
Journal:  
Eskiyeni
Author:  
Abstract:

Yasaların önemli özelliklerinden bir tanesi, yasa koyucuya toplumsal alanı, belli ölçülerde de olsa, düzenleme olanağı sağlamasıdır. Devletin gücünü kullanan iktidar elitleri, tarih boyunca kendi tasavvurları doğrultusunda bir toplum inşa etmek için bu olanağa sıklıkla müracaat etmişlerdir. Dinin devletin kontrolü altında tutulması, başka bir ifade ile devletin dine hâkim olması gerektiği anlayışından hareketle toplumsal alanla ilgili birtakım düzenlemeler de bu anlayışın uzantısı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu tür düzenlemeleri otoriter rejimlerin olduğu hemen hemen bütün örneklerde görmek mümkündür. Toplumun yeni bir içerikle yeniden kurulması isteği, eski düzenin meşruiyet kalıplarına göre şekillenmiş kurumlarının tasfiye edilmesini gerektirmektedir. Çünkü toplum, her ne kadar eski toplum olsa ve eski meşruiyet anlayışına sahip olma-ya devam etse de iktidarın yeni sahipleri bu meşruiyet anlayışını benimsemekte pek istekli davranmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla rejimin yeni sahipleri nazarında eski düzenin kurumları yeni düzenin inşa edilmesi konusunda bir direnç noktasını teşkil etmekte olduğu için bu durum onların toplumu kendi zihniyetleri doğrultusunda şekillendirme ve yönetme imkânının önünü tıkamaktadır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, dinî alanı düzenlemesine ilişkin devletin attığı adımları, temelde otoriter zihniyetin toplumu yeniden şekillendirme ve kendisi tarafından yönetilebilir hale getirme arayışı olarak okumak mümkün hale gelmektedir. Ancak bunun gerekçelendirilerek meşrulaştırılması ihtiyacı da ortadadır. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak için, otoriter bir sekülerleşme programı ya da projesini uygulamak isteyen yönetici elitlerin bulunduğu ülkelerde, toplumun büyük oranda etkisinde olduğu mevcut dinî anlayış, genellikle modernite karşıtı, bu nedenle de bilim, ilerleme ve akla karşı bir olgu biçiminde tasvir edilmektedir. Bu tür durumlarda din ve onunla ilişkili yapılar, genellikle “batıl inanç”, “gericilik”, “hurafeler yığını”, “akıldışı” ve buna benzer birçok olumsuz nitelemelere maruz kalmaktadır. Dolayısıyla din, bu perspektifte, ilerlemenin ve bilimin önündeki engel, yani gerilemenin esas sorumlusu olarak tebarüz etmektedir. Bu durum, yönetici elite bu alandaki yasal düzenlemeleri “haklılaştıran” bir imkân sunmaktadır. 

Keywords:

Two laws in France and Turkey in the context of the regulation of the religious area of the state: the 1901 Association Law and the 1925 Law on the Closing of the Tekke, Zaviye and Turbodies
2020
Journal:  
Eskiyeni
Author:  
Abstract:

One of the important characteristics of the laws is that the lawmaker is able to regulate the social sphere, even in a certain extent. The power elites, using the power of the state, have often used this opportunity throughout history to build a society according to their own designs. The preservation of religion under the control of the state, in other words, from the understanding that the state should be the ruler of the religion, some arrangements relating to the social sphere also come to us as an extension of this understanding. Such arrangements can be seen in almost all examples of authority regimes. The desire to rebuild society with a new content requires the cleansing of the institutions formed according to the legitimacy patterns of the old order. For the society, even though it is a old society and it continues to possess the old sense of legitimacy, the new owners of power are not willing to adopt this sense of legitimacy. Therefore, as the institutions of the old order are forming a point of resistance to the construction of the new order in the presence of the new owners of the regime, this condition is the condition of the possibility of their society to form and manage in accordance with their own mentalities. From this point of view, the steps taken by the state concerning the organization of the religious field becomes possible to be read, basically, as an attempt of the authoritarian mind to re-form society and to make it self-managed. But it is also necessary to justify it. To meet this need, in the countries where the ruling elites seek to implement an authoritarian secularization program or project, the current religious understanding that society is largely influenced, is often opposed to modernity, and therefore is also represented in the form of a phenomenon against science, progress and reason. In such cases, religion and related structures are often exposed to many negative qualities, such as “mostly faith”, “righteousness”, “the crowd of religions”, “unconsciousness” and so on. Therefore, religion, in this perspective, is the main responsible for the obstacle to progress and science, i.e. the decline. This situation, the managing elite offers a possibility to “reason” the legal regulations in this area.

Keywords:

Two Laws In France and Turkey In The Context Of The State’s Regula-tion Of Religious Space: 1901 Law On Associations and 1925 Law On The Closure Of Dervishes, Lodges and Zawiyas
2020
Journal:  
Eskiyeni
Author:  
Abstract:

One of the important features of the law is that allows the legislator to regulate the social sphere, albeit to a certain extent. The ruling elites, who use the power of the state, have frequently applied this opportunity to build a society in line with their ideations. Based on the understanding that the state should dominate religion, some regulations made into the social sphere merge as an extension of this understanding. It is possible to see such regulations in almost all examples of authoritarian regimes. The desire to re-establish the society with a new content requires the liquidation of the institutions to be shaped according to the legitimacy patterns of the old order. Although the society possess the old society characteristics and continues to have the old sense of legitimacy, the new owners of power are not willing to adopt this sense of legitimacy. In the perspective of the new owners of the regime, the institutions of the old order constitute a point of resistance to the construction of the new order, this situation blocks the possibility of shaping and managing the society according to their own approach. From this viewpoint, it becomes possible to read the steps taken by the state in regulating the religious sphere as an authoritarian mentality’s quest to res-hape society and make it manageable by itself. However, this point needs to be justi-fied. To meet this need in countries where there are ruling elites who want to imple-ment an authoritarian secularization program or project, the current religious unders-tanding, which is largely influenced by society, is often portrayed as a phenomenon that is anti-modernity, and therefore against science, progress and reason. In such cases, religion and its associated structures are often subjected to “superstition”, “re-actionary”, “a pile of superstitions”, “irrational” and many other negative attributes. Therefore, religion, in this perspective, appears to be the principal obstacle to prog-ress and science, that is, to be the main responsible for the decline. This provides an opportunity for the ruling elite to “justify” the legal arrangements in this area.

Keywords:

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Eskiyeni

Field :   İlahiyat; Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler

Journal Type :   Ulusal

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