Özet:

Courtyard is a term that manifests itself in various architectural contexts, ranging from residential architecture to monumental structures. The fundamental aspects of courtyard formation are driven by the need for communal gathering spaces, social spatial requirements, and concepts of secure open areas. The concept of a courtyard, evident in ancient city plans, has retained its significance during the Ottoman Empire, just as it did in all periods. The Ottoman Empire, which reigned in Anatolia, emphasized the courtyard concept in its building layouts. Following the Seljuk Empire, the Ottoman Empire continued the tradition of caravanserais, leaving numerous works where courtyards played a prominent role in the Southeast Anatolian region. While the "caravanserai" structures, known as historical accommodations, are recognized as products of the Seljuk era, there were considerably more caravanserais and khans from the Ottoman period in the Southeast Anatolian region compared to the Seljuk era. Within the scope of this study, the courtyard types of Ottoman-era khan and caravanserai structures in the Southeast Anatolian region were examined. During the fieldwork conducted in the Southeast Anatolian region, all khan and caravanserai structures were identified on-site. For those structures whose plans could not be obtained, measured drawings were conducted on-site, and the plan drawings were digitized. The identified structures were classified according to their respective periods, and it was observed that the Ottoman period witnessed a concentration of these structures. It was also noticed that there has been no study conducted in the literature on this topic for the Southeast Anatolian region. The relationship between the courtyard and plan of Ottoman-era structures was analyzed. According to their courtyard types, the structures were classified as having no courtyard, single-courtyard, or multiple-courtyard. Examples of enclosed-plan types were identified to have either attached or detached annexed spaces. Variations in plan shapes seen during the Ottoman period were addressed. The aim of this study was to numerically determine the courtyard-plan type of the evolving khan and caravanserai architecture in the Southeast Anatolian region and to present it based on its respective period. Thus, an effort was made to ascertain how the caravanserai/khan architecture, spanning from the Seljuk to the Ottoman era, shaped in the region. As a result, it is evident that the regular single-courtyard plan type seen during the Seljuk period was replaced by enclosed-plan types and irregular courtyard-plan types. In the example of Midyat Hayvan khan, constructed within the Ottoman Empire period, it is evident how changes in parcel shapes of structures built within the city affected the courtyard layout. Since the enclosed-plan type examples are concentrated in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa, plan-scale analyses were conducted on selected structures from these regions. Similarly, regarding multiple-courtyard examples, only two structures with multiple courtyards were identified in the Southeast Anatolian region. Gaziantep Anatolian Khan and Diyarbakir Cifte khan are examples of structures with two courtyards. However, the second courtyard of Cifte khan could not be thoroughly examined due to destruction. issue.

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